Condor

Condor Temporal range: Late Pliocene – Holocene
	Andean condor soaring over southern Peru's Colca Canyon
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Cathartiformes
Family:	Cathartidae
Genera
	Vultur; Gymnogyps;

Condor is the common name for two species of New World vultures, each in a monotypic genus. The name derives from the Quechua kuntur.^[1]^[2] They are the largest flying land birds in the Western Hemisphere.

One species, the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus), inhabits the Andean mountains. The other, the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), is currently restricted to the western coastal mountains of the contiguous United States and Mexico, as well as the northern desert mountains of Arizona.

Taxonomy

Condors are part of the family Cathartidae, which contains the New World vultures, whereas the 15 species of Old World vultures are in the family Accipitridae, which also includes hawks, eagles, and kites. The New World and Old World vultures evolved from different ancestors. They both are carrion-eaters and the two groups are similar in appearance due to convergent evolution.

Description

Both condors are very large, broad-winged soaring birds, the Andean condor being 3 inches (7.6 centimetres) to 6 inches (15.2 centimetres) shorter (beak to tail) on average than the northern species, but heavier and larger in wingspan.^[3] The Andean condor has a wingspan of 2.7–3.1 metres (8 feet 10+1⁄2 inches – 10 feet 2 inches)^[4] and even up to about 3.20 metres (10 ft 6 in) and a weight of 8–15 kg,^[3] with males ranging from to 11 to 15 kg (24 to 33 lb) and females 7.5 to 11 kg (17 to 24 lb).^[5] Meanwhile the California condor has a weight of 8–14 kg and wingspan of about 109 inches, or 2.77 meters.^[3] California condors are North America's largest flying land birds.^[3] Among all living flying birds, the Andean condor is the third heaviest after the Kori bustard and great bustard (up to 21 kg or 46 lb), and second only to the wandering albatross (up to 3.5 m or 11 ft 6 in) in wingspan.^[6]^[7] Measurements are usually taken from specimens reared in captivity.^[4]

The adult plumage is uniformly black, except for a frill of white feathers nearly surrounding the base of the neck, which are meticulously kept clean by the bird. As an adaptation for hygiene, the condor's head and neck have few feathers, which exposes the skin to the sterilizing effects of dehydration and solar ultraviolet light at high altitudes. The head is much flattened above. In the male, it is crowned with a caruncle or comb, while the skin of the neck lies in folds, forming a wattle. The head and neck skin can flush noticeably in response to the emotional state and transmitted between individuals.^[4]

The middle toe is greatly elongated, the hind one is slightly developed, and the nails of all the toes are comparatively straight and blunt. The feet are thus more adapted to walking (as in their closely related storks) and of little use as weapons or organs of prehension (as in birds of prey and Old World vultures). Contrary to the usual rule among birds of prey, the female is smaller than the male.^[4]

California condors' skin on the neck varies in color, depending on the age of the birds. During the breeding season, adult birds' skin color can be cream, pink, yellow, or orange.^[4]

Fossil record

Fossils of both extinct and extant condor species from the Pleistocene era have been found in various parts of North America, including New York and Florida, leading scientists to hypothesize that California condors (as well as their ancestors and relatives) once lived on the west coast of North America as well as to the eastern coast, until their eventual extinction/extirpation. Some scientists also have found that an ancient relative of the condor, Argentavis magnificens from South America, may have been the largest flying bird ever with a wingspan of 7 metres (23 ft).^[8]

Behavior

Sexual maturity and breeding behavior do not appear in the condor until 5 or 6 years of age. They may live for 50 years or more and mate for life. The world's oldest condor died at 100 in the Jardin d'Essai du Hamma in Algiers.^[9]

The young are covered with a grayish down until they are almost as large as their parents. They can fly after six months but continue to roost and hunt with their parents until age two, when they are displaced by a new clutch. There is a well-developed social structure within large groups of condors; a recent study showed the 'pecking order' is determined by age group and, within age groups, by sex (which contradicts previous findings).^[10]^[11]

The lack of a large sternum to anchor correspondingly large flight muscles identifies it physiologically as a primary soarer. The birds flap their wings on rising from the ground, but after attaining a moderate elevation, they seem to sail on the air, transiting from one upstream to the next, often without flapping their wings. One Andean condor was recording maintaining such flight for 171 kilometers (106 mi), for over five hours.^[12]

Wild condors inhabit large territories, often traveling 250 km (160 mi) a day in search of carrion. They prefer large carcasses, such as deer or cattle, which they spot by looking for other scavengers. However, these rival species cannot rip through the tougher hides of these larger animals with the efficiency of a larger condor. In the wild, they are intermittent eaters, often going for a few days without eating, then gorging themselves on several kilograms (pounds) at once, sometimes to the point of being unable to lift off the ground.^{[citation needed]}

Other

The Moche people of ancient Peru worshiped nature.^[13] They emphasized animals and often depicted condors in their art.^[14]

Gallery

California condor's head
California condor in flight over the Grand Canyon
Condor flying alone in the Grand Canyon, Arizona
Numbered condor in Grand Canyon, Arizona
Moche condor. 300 AD. Larco Museum Collection Lima, Peru.

References

^ J. Simpson; E. Weiner, eds. (1989). "Raven". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-861186-2.
^ "A Quechua metaphor for a plane: Kuntur-man = "looking like a Condor"". Quechua.org.uk. Archived from the original on June 6, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bildstein, Keith L. (March 15, 2022), "2 Species Descriptions and Life Histories", Vultures of the World, Cornell University Press, pp. 20–97, doi:10.1515/9781501765025-004, ISBN 978-1-5017-6502-5, retrieved May 22, 2023
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ferguson-Lees, James; Christie, David A. (2001). Raptors of the World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-12762-3.
^ Lutz, Dick; Lutz, Richard L. (2002). Patagonia: At the Bottom of the World. DIMI Press. pp. 71–74. ISBN 0-931625-38-6.
^ Robertson, C. J. R. (2003). "Albatrosses (Diomedeidae)". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 113–116, 118–119. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
^ Dunn, Jon L.; Alderfer, Jonathon (2006). "Accidentals, Extinct Species". In Levitt, Barbara (ed.). National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America (fifth ed.). Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society. p. 467. ISBN 978-0-7922-5314-3.
^ Campbell, K.E. & Tonni, E.P. 1983. Size and locomotion in teratorns (Aves: Teratornithidae). Auk. 1983; 100(2): 390-403
^ "The world's oldest condor dies". Ennahar Online. July 28, 2010. Archived from the original on June 5, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
^ Handler, Ian (2018). "Andean condor nesting and behavior: A study of a free-living pair and chick as well as population behavior near Antisana Ecological Reserve, Ecuador" (PDF). SIT Digital Collections: 18.
^ Donázar, José A.; Travaini, Alejandro; Ceballos, Olga; Rodríguez, Alejandro; Delibes, Miguel; Hiraldo, Fernando (January 1, 1999). "Effects of sex-associated competitive asymmetries on foraging group structure and despotic distribution in Andean condors". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 45 (1): 55–65. Bibcode:1999BEcoS..45...55D. doi:10.1007/s002650050539. hdl:10261/39777. ISSN 1432-0762. S2CID 24420560.
^ Dvorsky, George (July 14, 2020). "Andean Condor Soared for 100 Miles Without Flapping Its Wings". Gizmodo. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
^ Benson, Elizabeth. The Mochica: A Culture of Peru. New York: Praeger Press, 1972.
^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.