Concept album

This article is about the topic of concept albums. For albums named "Concept", see Concept (disambiguation) § Music and arts.

Roger Waters (saluting on top) leading a live performance of Pink Floyd's The Wall, one of the best-known concept albums of all time^[1]

A concept album is an album whose tracks hold a larger purpose or meaning collectively than they do individually.^[2][3] This is typically achieved through a single central narrative or theme, which can be instrumental, compositional, or lyrical.^[4] Sometimes the term is applied to albums considered to be of "uniform excellence" rather than an LP with an explicit musical or lyrical motif.^[5] There is no consensus among music critics as to the specific criteria for what a "concept album" is.^[3][6]

The format originates with folk singer Woody Guthrie's Dust Bowl Ballads (1940) and was subsequently popularized by traditional pop singer Frank Sinatra's 1940s–50s string of albums, although the term is more often associated with rock music.^[7] In the 1960s several well-regarded concept albums were released by various rock bands, which eventually led to the invention of progressive rock and rock opera.

Definitions

There is no clear definition of a "concept album".^[6][8] Fiona Sturges of The Independent stated that the concept album "was originally defined as a long-player where the songs were based on one dramatic idea – but the term is subjective."^[6] A precursor to this type of album can be found in the 19th-century song cycle,^[9] which ran into similar difficulties in classification.^[10] The extremely broad definitions of a "concept album" could potentially encompass all soundtracks, compilations, cast recordings, greatest hits albums, tribute albums, Christmas albums, and live albums.^[10]

The most common definitions refer to an expanded approach to a rock album (as a story, play, or opus), or a project that either revolves around a specific theme or a collection of related materials.^[10] AllMusic writes, "A concept album could be a collection of songs by an individual songwriter or a particular theme – these are the concept LPs that reigned in the '50s ... the phrase 'concept album' is inextricably tied to the late 1960s, when rock & rollers began stretching the limits of their art form."^[11] Author Jim Cullen describes it as "a collection of discrete but thematically unified songs whose whole is greater than the sum of its parts ... sometimes [erroneously] assumed to be a product of the rock era."^[2] Author Roy Shuker defines concept albums and rock operas as albums that are "unified by a theme, which can be instrumental, compositional, narrative, or lyrical. ... In this form, the album changed from a collection of heterogeneous songs into a narrative work with a single theme, in which individual songs segue into one another."^[4]

Speaking of concepts in albums during the 1970s, Robert Christgau wrote in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), because "overall impression" of an album matters, "concept intensifies the impact" of certain albums "in more or less the way Sgt. Pepper intended", as well as "a species of concept that pushes a rhythmically unrelenting album like The Wild Magnolias or a vocally irresistible one like Shirley Brown's Woman to Woman, to a deeper level of significance."^[12]

History

See also: Album era

1940s–50s: Origins

In the 2016 BBC documentary When Pop Went Epic: The Crazy World of the Concept Album, narrated by Rick Wakeman, it is suggested that the first concept album is Woody Guthrie's 1940 album Dust Bowl Ballads.^[13] The Independent regards it as "perhaps" one of the first concept albums, consisting exclusively of semi-autobiographical songs about the hardships of American migrant labourers during the 1930s.^[14] In the late 1940s, the LP record was introduced, with space age pop composers producing concept albums soon after. Themes included exploring wild life and dealing with emotions, with some albums meant to be played while dining or relaxing. This was accompanied in the mid-1950s with the invention of the gatefold, which allowed room for liner notes to explain the concept.^[15]

Frank Sinatra in Capitol Records Studio A, 1956, during the recording of his album Songs for Swingin' Lovers!

Singer Frank Sinatra recorded several concept albums prior to the 1960s rock era, including In the Wee Small Hours (1955)^[16] and Frank Sinatra Sings for Only the Lonely (1958).^[2] Sinatra is occasionally credited as the inventor of the concept album,^[17] beginning with The Voice of Frank Sinatra (1946), which led to similar work by Bing Crosby. According to biographer Will Friedwald, Sinatra "sequenced the songs so that the lyrics created a flow from track to track, affording an impression of a narrative, as in musical comedy or opera. ... [He was the] first pop singer to bring a consciously artistic attitude to recording."^{[18][nb 1]}

Singer/pianist Nat "King" Cole (who, along with Sinatra, often collaborated with arranger Nelson Riddle during this era) was also an early pioneer of concept albums,^[20] as with his Wild Is Love (1960), a suite of original songs about a man's search for love.^[21]

1960s: Rock and country music

In the early 1960s, concept albums began featuring highly in American country music, but the fact went largely unacknowledged by rock/pop fans and critics, who would only begin noting "concept albums" as a phenomenon later in the decade,^[22] when albums became closely aligned with countercultural ideology, resulting in a recognised "album era" and the introduction of the rock concept album.^[23] The author Carys Wyn Jones writes that the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds (1966), the Beatles' Revolver (1966) and Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), and the Who's Tommy (1969) are variously cited as "the first concept album", usually for their "uniform excellence rather than some lyrical theme or underlying musical motif".^[24]

Other records have been claimed as "early" or "first" concept albums. The Beach Boys' first six albums, released over 1962–64, featured collections of songs unified respectively by a central concept, such as cars, surfing, and teenage lifestyles.^[25] Writing in 101 Albums That Changed Popular Music, Chris Smith commented: "Though albums such as Frank Sinatra's 1955 In the Wee Small Hours and Marty Robbins' 1959 Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs had already introduced concept albums, [the Beach Boys' 1963 album] Little Deuce Coupe was the first to comprise almost all original material rather than standard covers."^[26] Music historian Larry Starr, who identifies the Beach Boys' 1964 releases Shut Down Volume 2 and All Summer Long as heralding the album era, cites Pet Sounds as the first rock concept album on the basis that it had been "conceived as an integrated whole, with interrelated songs arranged in a deliberate sequence."^[27]

The 100 Greatest Bands of All Time (2015) states that the Ventures "pioneered the idea of the rock concept album years before the genre is generally acknowledged to have been born".^[28] Writing in his Concise Dictionary of Popular Culture, Marcel Danesi identifies the Beatles' Rubber Soul (1965) and the Who's The Who Sell Out (1967) as other examples of early concept albums.^[29] Brian Boyd of The Irish Times names the Kinks' Face to Face (1966) as the first concept album: "Written entirely by Ray Davies, the songs were supposed to be linked by pieces of music, so that the album would play without gaps, but the record company baulked at such radicalism. It's not one of the band's finest works, but it did have an impact."^[30]

"Popular consensus" for the first rock concept album, according to AllMusic, favours Sgt. Pepper.^[11][16] According to music critic Tim Riley, "Strictly speaking, the Mothers of Invention's Freak Out! [1966] has claims as the first 'concept album', but Sgt. Pepper was the record that made that idea convincing to most ears."^{[31][nb 2]} Musicologist Allan Moore says that "Even though previous albums had set a unified mood (notably Sinatra's Songs for Swingin' Lovers!), it was on the basis of the influence of Sgt. Pepper that the penchant for the concept album was born."^{[34][nb 3]} Adding to Sgt. Pepper's claim, the artwork reinforced its central theme by depicting the four Beatles in uniform as members of the Sgt. Pepper band, while the record omitted the gaps that usually separated album tracks.^[35] Music critic and journalist Neil Slaven stated that Frank Zappa's Absolutely Free, released the same day as Sgt. Pepper, was "very much a concept album, but The Beatles effortlessly stole his thunder", and subsequently Sgt. Pepper was hailed as "perhaps the first 'concept album' even though the songs were unrelated."^[36]

1960s–70s: Rock operas and progressive rock

Main articles: Rock opera and Progressive rock

See also: Progressive soul

Author Bill Martin relates the assumed concept albums of the 1960s to progressive rock:

In discussions of progressive rock, the idea of the "concept album" is mentioned frequently. If this term refers to albums that have thematic unity and development throughout, then in reality there are probably fewer concept albums than one might first think. Pet Sounds and Sergeant Pepper's do not qualify according to this criterion ... However, if we instead stretch the definition a bit, to where the album is the concept, then it is clear that progressive rock is entirely a music of concept albums—and this flows rather directly of Rubber Soul (December 1965) and then Revolver (1966), Pet Sounds, and Sergeant Pepper's. ... in the wake of these albums, many rock musicians took up "the complete album approach."^[37]

Genesis recreating their concept album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway (1974) for a live performance. Band member Peter Gabriel is wearing a costume for one of the album's characters.

Popmatters' Sarah Zupko notes that while the Who's Tommy is "popularly thought of as the first rock opera, an extra-long concept album with characters, a consistent storyline, and a slight bit of pomposity", it is preceded by the shorter concept albums Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake (Small Faces, 1968) and S.F. Sorrow (The Pretty Things, 1968).^[38] Author Jim Cullen states: "The concept album reached its apogee in the 1970s in ambitious records like Pink Floyd's Dark Side of the Moon (1973) and the Eagles' Hotel California (1976)."^[2] In 2015, Rolling Stone ranked Dark Side of the Moon at number one among the 50 greatest progressive rock albums of all time, also noting the LP's stature as the second-best-selling album of all time.^[39] Pink Floyd's The Wall (1979), a semi-autobiographical story modeled after the band's Roger Waters and former member Syd Barrett, is one of the most famous concept albums by any artist.^[1] In addition to The Wall, Danesi highlights Genesis' The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway (1974) and Frank Zappa's Joe's Garage (1979) as other culturally significant concept albums.^[29]

According to author Edward Macan, concept albums as a recurrent theme in progressive rock was directly inspired by the counterculture associated with "the proto-progressive bands of the 1960s", observing: "the consistent use of lengthy forms such as the programmatic song cycle of the concept album and the multimovement suite underscores the hippies' new, drug-induced conception of time."^[40] Progressive soul musicians inspired by this approach conceived concept albums during this era reflecting themes and concerns of the African-American experience, including Marvin Gaye (1971's What's Going On) and George Clinton (the 1975 Parliament album Mothership Connection and Dope Dogs).^[41][42]

1980s–present: Decline and return to popularity

With the emergence of MTV as a music video network which valued singles over albums, concept albums became less dominant in the 1980s.^[2][6] Some artists, however, still released concept albums and experienced success in the 1990s and 2000s.^[6][16] NME's Emily Barker cites Green Day's American Idiot (2004) as one of the "more notable" examples,^[1] having brought the concept album back to high-charting positions.^[43] My Chemical Romance’s The Black Parade (2006) is another example of a modern concept album. Dorian Lynskey, writing for GQ, noted a resurgence of concept albums in the 2010s due to streaming: "This is happening not in spite of the rise of streaming and playlists, but because of it. Threatened with redundancy in the digital era, albums have fought back by becoming more album-like."^[44] Cucchiara argues that concept albums should also describe "this new generation of concept albums, for one key reason. This is because the unison between the songs on a particular album has now been expanded into a broader field of visual and artistic design and marketing strategies that play into the themes and stories that form the album."^[9]

Towards the end of the 80s, however, as heavy metal suited a fairly niche crowd, a few heavy metal artists began producing concept albums, particularly among the more progressive groups. King Diamond's Abigail and Savatage's Hall of the Mountain King, both released in 1987, stand some of the earliest examples of concept albums produced by a heavy metal artist.^[45][46] A year later, Iron Maiden's, Seventh Son of a Seventh Son, released in 1988, would become one of the most notable examples of a heavy metal concept album at the time.^[45] Around this time, progressive metal began taking form with artists such as Queensrÿche, Fates Warning, and Savatage. Shortly later^[vague] in 1988, Queensrÿche would release Operation: Mindcrime, which would be considered one of the first progressive metal albums, and was also a concept album.^[45][47][48] Thus it could be argued that from the genre's inception, progressive metal has been a hotspot for concept albums, like its rock counterpart. Other notable progressive metal concept albums are Dream Theater's Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes from a Memory, Opeth's Still Life,^[47] and Orphaned Land's Mabool.^[49][50]

In the 21st century, the field of classical music has adopted the idea of the concept album, citing such historical examples as Schubert's Winterreise and Schumann's Liederkreis as prototypes for contemporary composers and musicians.^[51] Classical composers and performers increasingly adopt production and marketing strategies that unify otherwise disparate works into concept albums or concerts.^[52] Since 2019, the classical music magazine Gramophone has included a special category for "concept album" in its annual recordings of the year awards, to celebrate "albums where a creative mind has curated something visionary, a programme whose whole speaks more powerfully than its parts. A thought-through journey, which compels to be heard in one sitting."^{[53][54][third-party source needed]}

In a year-ending essay on the album in 2019, Ann Powers wrote for Slate that the year found the medium in a state of flux. In her observation, many recording artists revitalized the concept album around autobiographical narratives and personal themes, such as intimacy, intersectionality, African-American life, boundaries among women, and grief associated with death. She cited such albums as Brittany Howard's Jaime, Raphael Saadiq's Jimmy Lee, Jamila Woods' Legacy! Legacy!, Rapsody's Eve, Jenny Lewis' On the Line, Julia Jacklin's Crushing, Joe Henry's The Gospel According to Water, and Nick Cave's Ghosteen.^[55] EPIC: The Musical, a series of concept albums retelling The Odyssey, arose to massive popularity, with its first release in January 2023 surpassing three million streams within its first week of release^[56] and the musical remaining popular as subsequent "saga" albums were released.^[57]

See also

• List of concept albums
• Visual album
• Leitmotif

Notes

1. In the late 1940s, boogie-woogie and stride pianist Pete Johnson recorded an early concept album, House Rent Party (1946), in which he starts out playing alone, supposedly in a new empty house, and is joined there by other players. Each has a solo single backed by Johnson, and then the whole group plays a jam session together.^[19]
2. Frank Zappa said that within Freak Out!, "It wasn't as if we had a hit single and we needed to build some filler around it. Each tune had a function."^[32] The Beatles' John Lennon commented: "Sgt. Pepper is called the first concept album, but it doesn't go anywhere ... it works because we said it worked."^[33]
3. He continues that: "Things might have looked different had Brian Wilson and the Beach Boys managed to complete the album Smile at the time. ... it would have suggested an entirely different possible line of development for the concept album, wherein parts of tracks reappeared in others producing a form frankly far more sophisticated than any of its contemporaries."^[34]

References

1. Barker, Emily (8 July 2015). "23 of the Maddest And Most Memorable Concept Albums". NME. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
2. Cullen 2001, p. 98.
3. Elicker 2001, pp. 227–229.
4. Shuker 2012, p. 5.
5. Jones 2008, p. 49.
6. Sturges, Fiona (1 October 2009). "The return of concept album". The Independent. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
7. Luhrssen, David; Larson, Michael (24 February 2017). Encyclopedia of Classic Rock. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-3514-8.
8. Elicker 2001, p. 227.
9. Cucchiara, Romina (10 November 2014). "The Concept Album As a Performative Genre". PopMatters.
10. Elicker 2001, p. 228.
11. "AllMusic Loves Concept Albums". AllMusic. 10 February 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
12. Christgau, Robert (1981). "The Criteria". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 0899190251. Retrieved 6 April 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.
13. Rick Wakeman (narrator) (6 May 2016). When Pop Went Epic: The Crazy World of the Concept Album (BBC documentary).
14. "The return of concept album". The Independent. 2 October 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
15. McKnight-Trontz 1999, p. 10.
16. Black, Johnny (5 March 1991). "A-may-zing". Q Magazine. 55: 33.
17. Rojek 2004.
18. Friedwald 1995.
19. Silvester, Peter, A Left Hand Like God, A Study of Boogie-Woogie, pp. 98-99
20. "Cole developed the art of the concept album, a song collection consciously built on a single theme..." John Swenson (1999). The Rolling Stone Jazz & Blues Album Guide, University of California Press, ISBN 9780679768739, p. 1957
21. Will Friedwald (2020). Straighten Up and Fly Right: The Life and Music of Nat King Cole, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780190882051, p. 305
22. Elicker 2001, p. 234.
23. Danesi 2017, p. 15.
24. Jones 2008, p. 44.
25. Leaf, David (1990). Little Deuce Coupe / All Summer Long (CD Liner). The Beach Boys. Capitol Records.
26. Smith 2009, p. xix.
27. Starr 2007, pp. 253–254, 265.
28. Moskowitz 2015, p. 689.
29. Danesi 2017, p. 72.
30. Boyd, Brian (4 June 2016). "The Beatles, Bob Dylan and The Beach Boys: 12 months that changed music". The Irish Times.
31. Riley 1988, p. 11.
32. Zappa & Occhiogrosso 1989, pp. 65–80.
33. Sheff 1981, p. 197.
34. Moore 2016.
35. Black, Johnny (April 1991). "Concept Albums: A-may-zing!". Q. Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).
36. Slaven, Neil (2009). Electric Don Quixote: The Definitive Story Of Frank Zappa. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-043-4.
37. Martin 2015, p. 41.
38. Zupko, Sarah. "The Pretty Things: S.F. Sorrow". PopMatters. Archived from the original on 23 June 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
39. "50 Greatest Prog Rock Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. 17 June 2015.
40. Macan 1997, p. 13.
41. Keister, Jay (2019). "Black Prog: Soul, Funk, Intellect and the Progressive Side of Black Music of the 1970s" (PDF). American Music Research Center Journal. 28: 5–22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2021 – via colorado.edu.
42. Amadour (16 December 2022). "15 Minutes with George Clinton". Lamag - Culture, Food, Fashion, News & Los Angeles.
43. "The Top 10 Concept Albums of All Time". Guitar World. 26 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
44. Lynskey, Dorian (13 July 2015). "Why everyone from Beyoncé to Daft Punk is releasing a concept album". GQ. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
45. darkluna (12 August 2023). "Epic Concept Albums in Heavy Metal: Unveiling the Saga Behind the Sound". I love Heavy Metal. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
46. Cao, Dr Philip (22 June 2012). "Savatage: Hall of the Mountain King [1987]". RockWorld.vn. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
47. Belling, Alasdair (27 July 2020). "In retrospect: The heavy metal concept album". Blunt Magazine. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
48. Blum, Jordan (18 January 2024). "The History of Prog Metal in 21 Albums". Loudwire. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
49. Uncreator, The. "Mabool: The Story of the Three Sons of Seven Review".
50. Guy, Angry Metal (8 January 2010). "Orphaned Land The Never Ending Way of ORwarriOR Review". Angry Metal Guy. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
51. Shuker 2017, p. 10.
52. Bennett, Dawn and Diana Blom. "Pinching (or taking back) ideas from popular music: Placing the concept album in contemporary classical music". Academia.edu. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
53. Cullingford, Martin. "Concept Album". Gramophone. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
54. "Gramophone Classical Music Awards 2019: the full report". Gramophone. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
55. Powers, Ann (17 December 2019). "The album is evolving". Slate. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
56. Rabinowitz, Chloe. "EPIC: THE TROY SAGA Passes 3 Million Streams in First Week of Release". BroadwayWorld. Archived from the original on 13 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
57. Mann, Jesse; Fienemann, Cailen (2 August 2024). "'EPIC: The Musical': A Review". Dead Talk News. Retrieved 1 December 2024.

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• Friedwald, Will (1995). Sinatra! the Song is You: A Singer's Art. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780684193687.
• Jones, Carys Wyn (2008). The Rock Canon. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-6244-0.
• Macan, Edward (1997). Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509887-7.
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Further reading

• Shute, Gareth (2015). Concept Albums. Investigations Publishing. ISBN 978-1-517-28755-9.
• Tunbridge, Laura (2010). The Song Cycle. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89644-3.