Chadronian

The Chadronian is a North American Land Mammal Age typically set from around 37,000,000 to 33,700,000 years BP, a period of 3.3 million years.^[1] The Chadronian is preceded by the Duchesnean and followed by the Orellan NALMA stages. Relative to global geological chronology (the geologic time scale), it is usually considered to fall within the later part (Priabonian stage) of the Eocene epoch, ending around the same time as the Eocene-Oligocene boundary.

The Chadronian is named after the Chadron Formation, a widespread component of the White River Group in Nebraska and South Dakota. The most well-studied examples of Chadronian strata in the White River Group/Formation are the Flagstaff Rim area of eastern Wyoming and the Toadstool Park area of northwest Nebraska.^[1]

The beginning of the Chadronian is defined by the first appearance of Bathygenys (a merycoidodontid, or "oreodont"). Other mammals which first appear at the start of the stage include Merycoidodon dunagani (a merycoidodontid), Brachyrhynchocyon dodgei, (a daphoenine amphicyonid, or "bear dog"), and Archaeotherium (an entelodont). The early horse Mesohippus appears only slightly before the start of the Chadronian.^[1]

Subdivisions

Four subdivisions of the Chadronian were informally proposed by Prothero and Emry (1996), later formalized by the same authors in 2004.^[1] Type assemblages (diagnostic fossil faunas used to define the subdivision) are bolded and underlined. From youngest to oldest:

Subdivision	Primary index fossil	Estimated age	Component assemblages
Late Chadronian	Miniochoerus chadronensis	33.7 - 34.7 Ma	upper Flagstaff Rim, White River Formation (around ash J) (Wyoming) Upper Chadron Formation (Nebraska) Peanut Peak Member, Chadron Formation (South Dakota) Florissant Formation (Colorado) Ash Springs local fauna, Vieja Group (Texas)
Middle Chadronian	Leptomeryx mammifer	34.7 - 35.7 Ma	middle Flagstaff Rim, White River Formation (around ashes B-G) (Wyoming) Pipestone Springs and Little Pipestone Creek local faunas, Renova Formation (Montana) Raben Ranch local fauna, Chadron Formation (Nebraska) Crazy Johnson Member, Chadron Formation (South Dakota)
Late Early Chadronian	Leptomeryx yoderi	35.7 - 36.5 Ma	lower Flagstaff Rim, White River Formation (around ash A) (Wyoming) Yoder local fauna, White River Formation (Wyoming) Pipestone Springs local fauna, Renova Formation (Montana)[2] McCarty's Mountain local fauna (Montana) Ahearn Member, Chadron Formation (South Dakota) Medicine Pole Hills local fauna (North Dakota) Airstrip local fauna, Capote Mountain Tuff (Texas)
Earliest Chadronian	Bathygenys	36.5 - 37 Ma	Little Egypt local fauna, upper Chambers Tuff (Texas) Rancho Gaitan local fauna, Preitos Formation (Chihuahua, Mexico) lowermost Flagstaff Rim, White River Formation? (Wyoming) Pipestone Springs local fauna, Renova Formation (Montana)[2] Diamond O Ranch local fauna, Renova Formation? (Montana)[3]

Part of the Cypress Hills Formation (Saskatchewan, Canada) is also considered to be Chadronian in age.^[1] In Colorado, Chadronian mammal faunas are found in the Florissant Formation, the Antero Formation,^[4] and the White River Formation in the Kings Canyon area.^[5] In New Mexico, the Conejos, Espinaso, Spears, Sanders Canyon, Bell Top, upper Rubio Peak, and upper Palm Park formations all overlap with the Chadronian NALMA.^[6] The Iniyoo local fauna (Oaxaca, Mexico) was initially reported to be Chadronian,^[7] though revised dating suggests that it is Arikareean (late Oligocene) instead.^[8]

References

1. Prothero, Donald R.; Emry, Robert J. (2004). "5. The Chadronian, Orellan, and Whitneyan North American Land Mammal Ages". In Woodburne, Michael O. (ed.). Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology. Columbia University Press. pp. 156–168. doi:10.7312/wood13040-007. ISBN 978-0-231-13040-0.
2. Hanneman, Debra; Lofgren, Don; Hasiotis, Stephen; McIntosh, William (2022). "Late Eocene (Priabonian) chronostratigraphy, depositional environment, and paleosol-trace fossil associations, Pipestone Springs, southwest Montana". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 67: 5–20. doi:10.4202/app.00901.2021. ISSN 0567-7920.
3. Fostowicz-Frelik, Łucja; Tabrum, Alan R. (2009). "Leporids (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) from the Diamond O Ranch Local Fauna, Latest Middle Eocene of Southwestern Montana". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 78 (3): 253–271. doi:10.2992/007.078.0303. ISSN 0097-4463.
4. Sweedler, Rory E.; Eberle, Jaelyn J.; Mihlbachler, Matthew C. (2021-06-01). "A latest Eocene (Chadronian) brontothere (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Antero Formation, South Park, Colorado". Rocky Mountain Geology. 56 (1): 37–50. doi:10.24872/rmgjournal.56.1.37. ISSN 1555-7340.
5. Lloyd, K. J.; Eberle, J. J. (2012-09-01). "A late Eocene (Chadronian) mammalian fauna from the White River Formation in Kings Canyon, northern Colorado". Rocky Mountain Geology. 47 (2): 113–132. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.47.2.113. ISSN 1555-7332.
6. Lucas, Spencer G. (2015). "Eocene fossil vertebrates of New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 68. pp. 149–157.
7. Jiménez-Hidalgo, Eduardo; Smith, Krister T.; Guerrero-Arenas, Rosalia; Alvarado-Ortega, Jesus (2015). "The first Late Eocene continental faunal assemblage from tropical North America". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 57: 39–48. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.12.001.
8. Jiménez-Hidalgo, Eduardo; Lander, E. Bruce; Israde-Alcántara, Isabel; Rodríguez-Caballero, Nadia Wendoline; Guerrero-Arenas, Rosalía (2021). "Earliest Arikareean (later early Oligocene) Iniyoo local Fauna from Chilapa Formation of Santiago Yolomécatl area in northwestern Oaxaca, southern Mexico". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 109: 103307. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103307.