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Calinda
	Calinda, dance of the Negroes in America, 1783, watercolour by François Aimé Louis Dumoulin
Also known as	Kalinda, kalenda
Focus	Stick Fighting
Country of origin	Trinidad and Tobago Jamaica
Parenthood	Old Kalenda

Calinda (also spelled kalinda or kalenda) is a martial art, as well as a kind of folk music and war dance in the Caribbean which arose in the 1720s. It was brought to the Caribbean by Africans In the transatlantic slave trade and is based on native African combat dances.

History

Calinda is a kind of stick-fighting commonly seen practiced during Trinidad and Tobago Carnival.^[1] It is the national martial art of Trinidad and Tobago. French planters with their slaves, free coloureds and mulattos from neighboring islands of Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Dominica migrated to Trinidad during the Cedula of Population in 1783.

Carnival had arrived with the French, and slaves who could not participate formed a parallel celebration (which eventually became known as Canboulay between 1858 and 1884). After the Emancipation of Slavery in 1833, a lead vocalist or chantwell (chantuelle) would sing call-and-response chants called lavways lionising and cheering on the stickfighters. There, Carnival songs are considered to be derived from calinda chants and "lavways". This form of music gradually evolved into the modern calypso.

Before the Emancipation from slavery and its integration into Carnival, Calinda was used as a type of performance to provide ways of entertainment for slaves. Once the French came to Trinidad, stick fighters were no longer known as stick men but as boismen (bois meaning stick in French). There were different factors involved in stick fighting, including a costume that the performers would have to wear and the gayelles (or arenas) they would fight in. There are also special rituals that are done in the gayelle before the fight starts that include different ceremonial songs.^[2]

Though it is more commonly practiced as a dance because of the violent outcome of stick-fighting, its roots are still that of a martial art originating from Kingdom of Kongo, and stick-fights still occur in Trinidad. They also have been formalised into annual Carnival competitions.^[3]

The origin of this tradition has also been related to Afro-Iberian brotherhoods and the calends.^[4]

Elsewhere in the Caribbean

It is practiced in other parts of the Caribbean, such as Martinique.^[5] or Guadeloupe (under various names such as l'agya, damaye and mayolé).^[6]

Kalenda is one name assigned to an Afro-Caribbean form of stick fighting as practiced in Haiti and entering the United States through the port city of New Orleans.^[7]^{[clarification needed]}

Similar forms of this martial art exist elsewhere in the Caribbean. For example, in Barbados it is commonly referred to as "stick-licking" or "stick science."

In Louisiana

The well-known Cajun song "Allons danser Colinda" is about a Cajun boy asking a girl named Colinda to do a risqué dance with him; probably derived from the Calinda dance which was reported to have been performed in New Orleans by Afro-Caribbean slaves brought to Louisiana.^[1]

Dancing the "Calinda" is also referred to in one of Louisiana writer Kate Chopin's most famous stories from Bayou Folk (1894), "La Belle Zoraïde," which stresses the strong Afro-Caribbean presence in Louisiana.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b Shane K. Bernard and Julia Girouard, "'Colinda': Mysterious Origins of a Cajun Folksong," Journal of Folklore Research 29 (January–April 1992: 37–52.
^ KCG. "Stick Fighting – Steelpan teaching resources @mypanyard ... UK loves pan". www.mypanyard.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
^ Trinidad Sweet – The People, Their Culture, Their Island – Bird, Adrian Curtis (1992) Inprint Publications LTD, Port of Spain, Trinidad, W.I.
^ "From the Calendas to the Calenda: On the Afro-Iberian Substratum in Black Performance Culture in the Americas" by Jeroen Dewulf, Journal of American Folklore 131 (519): 3–29 (2018)
^ "Tangled Roots: Kalenda and Other Neo-African Dances in the Circum-Caribbean" by Julian Gerstin, New West Indies Guide 78 (1&2): 5–41 (2004)
^ "Lameca : kalinda". Archived from the original on 2014-03-13. Retrieved 2013-02-15.
^ Kalenda by Dennis Newsome at http://malandros-touro.com/kalenda.html Archived 2017-07-03 at the Wayback Machine
^ "La Belle Zoraïde". docsouth.unc.edu.