The constituency was created in 1997, from parts of the former constituencies of Holland with Boston and East Lindsey. Until 2024 it had always elected a Conservative MP. In the 1997 and 2001 general elections, the seat was very marginal, with majorities of less than 1,000 votes for the Conservative candidate over the Labour candidate. The next two general elections, in 2005 and 2010, saw large swings towards the Conservatives. In the 2015 general election, the EuroscepticUK Independence Party (UKIP) overtook Labour to take second place in the constituency; the party won 33.8% of the vote in the seat, which was UKIP's second-highest vote share in any constituency in that election (after Clacton). The seat had been one of UKIP's top target seats in that election, as they had also performed strongly in the constituency at the two previous general elections.
The constituency is estimated to have had the highest vote share in favour of leaving the European Union (EU) in the 2016 EU membership referendum, at 75.6%. For this reason, the leader of UKIP, Paul Nuttall, stood as the party's candidate in the seat in the 2017 general election. UKIP's vote share fell nationally that election; they dropped to third place (behind Labour) with 7.7% of the vote in Boston and Skegness, the party's third largest percentage drop in vote share. In the 2019 general election, the Conservatives increased their majority further, winning 76.7% of the vote. This was their second-highest vote share in the election (after Castle Point). The seat was also the second-safest Conservative seat in that election (measured by swing needed for the second-place party to gain the seat), after the neighbouring seat of South Holland and The Deepings.
The constituency boundaries changed at the 2010 general election as part of the Fifth periodic review of Westminster constituencies, bringing in the two wards of Stickney and Croft from the neighbouring constituency of Louth and Horncastle.[11] The constituency then consisted of the Borough of Boston, and the District of East Lindsey wards of Burgh le Marsh, Croft, Frithville, Ingoldmells, St Clement's, Scarbrough, Seacroft, Sibsey, Stickney, Wainfleet and Friskney, and Winthorpe.[11] The original proposal from the Boundary Commission had been to only transfer the Croft ward, but it was then decided to also include the ward of Stickney because of its ties with the town of Boston.[12]
The Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies was carried out between 2011 and 2018. The review recommended that two wards – Heckington Rural, and Kirkby la Thorpe and South Kyme – be transferred to Boston and Skegness from the constituency of Sleaford and North Hykeham;[13] however the review was not implemented and its results were formally laid aside in 2020.
Boston and Skegness is bordered by the constituencies of Louth and Horncastle to the north, Sleaford and North Hykeham to the west, and South Holland and The Deepings to the south; all three of these constituencies are in the county of Lincolnshire and are all considered safe Conservative seats,[14] and have been represented by MPs from the party since the formation of the constituencies in 1997. Indeed, as of the 2019 general election, all seven Parliamentary constituencies in Lincolnshire have a Conservative MP.[15]
The District of East Lindsey wards of Burgh le Marsh; Chapel St. Leonards; Croft; Friskney; Ingoldmells; St. Clement's; Scarbrough & Seacroft; Sibsey & Stickney; Wainfleet; Willoughby with Sloothby; Winthorpe.[16]
The constituency was expanded to include the two East Lindsey District wards of Chapel St Leonards and Willoughby with Sloothby, transferred from Louth and Horncastle.
The market town of Boston is an important administrative centre for rural Lincolnshire, and its modernised port, which brings thousands of tonnes of steel, timber and paper into the constituency, a key employer. Light industry and food processing are the other major industries in the town and surrounding villages, but elsewhere agriculture remains dominant.
The resort of Skegness has recovered from a damaging dip in trade caused by pit closures in the East Midlands during the 1980s, and following regeneration through millions of pounds in EU grants, is now one of Britain's most popular resorts, particularly among the elderly during the winter months.
Boston, Lincolnshire, is a historic town,[18] famous for the tower of St Botolph's Church, known by locals as the "Stump".[19]Skegness is a seaside town and holiday destination; the first Butlins resort opened in Skegness in 1936.[20]
The constituency has a lower level of qualifications (measured by National Vocational Qualifications) than the East Midlands average and the average for Great Britain;[21] in 2018, 19.7% of the adult population had a Higher National Diploma or degree-level qualification, compared to the British average of 39.3%.[21] The 2015 data also found that the median house price in the constituency was £125 000.[22] In 2019, the average gross weekly pay for people working full-time was £462, lower the average for Great Britain, which was £587.[21] The most common jobs are process plant and machine operatives and sales and customer service occupations. Around 40% of workers work in one of these areas, more than twice the national average.[21] The constituency also has a lower employment rate and a higher level of people on unemployment benefits than the averages for the region and the country.[21]
According to the 2011 UK Census, Boston was "home to a higher proportion of Eastern European immigrants than anywhere else in England and Wales".[23] People born in other EU countries, most of whom came from Eastern Europe after the 2004 enlargement of the European Union, made up 13% of the town's population.[19] The BBC described the town as "one of the most extreme examples in Britain of a town affected by recent EU immigration".[19] In 2015, 11.3% of people living in the constituency were born outside the UK.[22] The average age in the constituency was 32 at the time.[22]
1997–2001: Marginal seat between Conservatives and Labour
The constituency was created in 1997 from parts of the former constituencies of Holland with Boston and East Lindsey. The in part predecessor area's veteran MP Richard Body, who had been MP for Holland with Boston between 1966 and 1997, held the seat at the 1997 general election with a 1.4% majority (647 votes).[25] The seat had been formed from two constituencies held by the Conservatives with large majorities, and a Conservative victory was seen as very likely. However, the election result nationally was a landslide victory for the Labour Party, and Body only narrowly remained in Parliament; the seat was the tenth most marginal Conservative-held seat at the election by percentage majority and the ninth most marginal by absolute majority (number of votes).[25][26] The academics Robert Waller and Byron Criddle attributed his victory to the Referendum Party's decision not to stand, which they did because of Body's Eurosceptic views.[10]
After retiring from Parliament, Body left the Conservatives and joined the UK Independence Party (UKIP), a party that supported British withdrawal from the European Union (EU), though he encouraged people to vote Conservative at the 2005 general election.[27] His membership later lapsed and he defected to the English Democrats, a small far-right party.[27][28]
Body's successor, the Conservative Mark Simmonds, won an even smaller majority of 1.3% over Labour in the 2001 general election (515 votes). The seat was described by Waller and Criddle as "an exceptionally tight two-way marginal".[29] The seat was the fourth most marginal Conservative seat at that election (by both percentage and absolute majority) and the most marginal Conservative seat with Labour in second place.[30][31]
2001–2010: Labour support falls, UKIP perform strongly
In the 2005 general election, Simmonds increased his majority over Labour to 14.1%. The seat had the 139th largest absolute majority and the 131st largest percentage majority out of the 198 Conservative seats.[32] Richard Horsnell, the candidate for the anti-European Union party UKIP (United Kingdom Independence Party) came third with 9.6%. This was UKIP's highest vote share in any seat in the 2005 general election, with the exception of South Staffordshire, where UKIP won 10.4% after the election was delayed due to the death of a candidate.[33][34] UKIP also performed strongly in several local council elections in Boston on the same day, winning more than 20% of the vote in some wards.[35] Overall, UKIP won 2.2% of the national vote and won an average of 2.8% in the seats they stood candidates in.[36] Meanwhile, the Liberal Democrats fell from third to fourth place with just 8.7% of the vote; this was the party's seventh-lowest vote share in any seat, and third-lowest vote share in a constituency in England, in the election.[37] Waller and Criddle said that the constituency "now looks like a fairly safe Tory [Conservative] seat", though Labour had hoped to win the seat in the election.[38]
After his re-election, Simmonds was appointed Shadow Minister for International Development in May 2005, before being moved to be a Shadow Health Minister in July 2007.[39]
In the 2010 general election, Simmonds increased his majority over Labour further, winning almost half the vote compared to Labour's 20.6%. The Liberal Democrats came third, while UKIP achieved fourth place; their candidate Christopher Pain won 9.5% of the vote. This share of the vote was similar to the result in the previous election, and was UKIP's second-highest in 2010, after the special case of Buckingham.[40][b] The far-right[44][45]British National Party (BNP) also performed strongly in the constituency, winning 5.3% of the vote; since this was more than 5%, the party saved their deposit.[46]
The polling company Survation analysed the results of the 2013 local elections and estimated that if UKIP were to perform equally well in a general election, then they would gain the constituency with an 11% majority. Of the ten constituencies that Survation predicted UKIP would win, Boston and Skegness had the largest predicted UKIP majority.[50] UKIP performed strongly in and near the town of Boston, which was historically a safe Conservative area; this was seen as a surprise and was attributed to voters being concerned about immigration and feeling ignored by politicians.[51] Afterwards, there was some media speculation that Nigel Farage, the leader of UKIP, might stand in the constituency at the next general election; Simmonds said he "would be delighted" if Farage did, as it would give issues in the constituency more attention.[52]
In the 2014 European Parliament election, which UKIP won ahead of Labour and the Conservatives, the Borough of Boston had the highest UKIP vote share in the country.[53][54] The party gained 52% of votes in the borough, followed by the Conservatives and then Labour.[54] This led to the constituency being seen as a top target for UKIP in the next general election.[54]
On 11 August 2014, Simmonds resigned as a minister and announced that he would step down as the Member of Parliament for Boston and Skegness at the 2015 general election.[55] Explaining his decision, he said that his salary and expenses of over £100,000 were not enough to maintain a home in London, which he said caused "intolerable" pressure in his family life.[55] This attracted some criticism, as Simmonds' salary was several times larger than the average salary in his constituency.[56] There was also media speculation that he stood down due to the threat of UKIP gaining the seat.[55]
After Simmonds announced that he would not stand at the 2015 general election, the local Conservatives decided to select their candidate using the open primary system.[57] Interviews were used to narrow down the number of applicants to four, with the winner then being chosen at a public meeting that all voters in the constituency could attend and vote in.[57][58] Several rounds of voting were used; the first two rounds, with 81 votes cast in each, both eliminated one candidate; the first candidate eliminated was Paul Bristow, who later won the seat of Peterborough in 2019.[59] The third round saw 80 votes cast with a tie between the journalist Matt Warman and the headteacher Tim Clark.[58][59] Another vote between the two was held, which was won by Warman, then the head of technology at The Daily Telegraph.[59] Warman, who was 33 at the time of the primary, argued that UKIP's support in the area was partly due to "a real disconnect between voters and politicians"; his wife's family lived in the constituency.[60]
The seat had been one of UKIP's top target seats in that election.[61][62][63][64] The journalist and commentator Iain Dale predicted in February 2015 that UKIP would gain the seat, writing "[if] UKIP are to make a breakthrough, it might well be here";[65] overall, Dale predicted that UKIP would make five gains at the election.[66]Two opinion polls of the constituency were carried out prior to the 2015 general election. A poll in September 2014 predicted a UKIP majority of 19%,[67] while a 2015 poll forecast a narrow Conservative majority of 3%.[68] However, an internal poll conducted by UKIP (not released to the public) close to the election found a Conservative lead of seven points.[69]
On the day of the election, 8 May 2015, Warman was duly elected as the Member of Parliament; the Conservative majority shrunk to 10% with the UKIP candidate Robin Hunter-Clarke, a councillor on the Lincolnshire County Council, coming in second place. Warman won 43.8% of the vote in the seat, while Hunter-Clarke achieved 33.8%, which was UKIP's second-highest vote share in any constituency in that election (after Clacton, the only constituency the party won).[70] UKIP increased their vote share by 24.3% compared to the previous general election, while the Conservative share of the vote fell by 5.7%; this was the seventh-largest increase in vote share achieved by UKIP at the election.[71] Out of the 650 constituencies in the United Kingdom, the seat was the 126th most marginal in terms of percentage majority and 115th most marginal when measured by number of votes.[72]
2015–2019: Brexit vote, becoming a safe Conservative seat
Warman's maiden speech discussed the positive and negative effects of immigration on Boston and Skegness, saying that the pressures on public services "allowed divisive, single-issue political campaigns to flourish".[73] Warman supported remaining in the European Union in the 2016 EU membership referendum.[74] Nevertheless, the constituency is estimated to have had the highest vote share in favour of leaving the European Union (EU) in the EU referendum, at 75.6%.[75][c]
On 29 April 2017, Paul Nuttall, the leader of UKIP at the time, announced that he was standing in Boston and Skegness, noting that the constituency had the highest Leave vote in the country.[80] Shortly before the election, the BBC described Boston as "Britain's unofficial Brexit capital".[81] Liberal Democrats and Labour also planned to contest the seat, with the Green Party intending to if they could find the funds for a deposit.[82] (The Green Party did stand a candidate, as did a minor party called Blue Revolution that only had one parliamentary candidate in the election.)[83][84]
Nutall came in third place (with Labour second), winning just 7.7% of the vote; this was a decrease of 26.1% compared to 2015, and the third-largest percentage fall in UKIP vote share in that election.[85] UKIP's share of the vote fell nationally in that election, and the result was still their seventh-highest vote share of any seat.[85] The election saw UKIP achieve their worst result in the constituency since the 2001 general election. The Conservative majority increased to an all-time high in the seat, while Labour had their best result since 2005, achieving 25% of the votes cast. The Green Party and Liberal Democrats lost their deposits, mirroring the 2015 election results for both parties. Of the 46 constituencies in the East Midlands region, Boston and Skegness had the third lowest turnout at the election, at 62.7%.[86]
Based on estimates produced by Professor Chris Hanretty of Royal Holloway, University of London, Boston and Skegness had the third-highest vote share for the Brexit Party in the 2019 European Parliament election. According to Hanretty, 56.4% of votes cast in the constituency were for the new anti-EU party, which was led by Farage, behind only Castle Point and Clacton. Hanretty also estimated that the Conservatives came second in the seat, with 12.5% of the vote, followed by UKIP, who won 7.7%, their tenth strongest performance of the election. UKIP were closely followed by the Liberal Democrats and Labour, who came fourth and fifth with 7.5% and 7.4% of the vote respectively.[87]
The seat was discussed in 2019 as a potential target for the Brexit Party in the next general election, due to the high level of support for leaving the European Union in the constituency.[88] The Brexit Party achieved high levels of support in general election polls in June and July,[89] and one estimate, by the website Electoral Calculus, suggested that the Brexit Party would gain Boston and Skegness.[90] However, the Brexit Party support decreased over time,[91][92] and in the run-up to the 2019 general election, which took place in December, some analysts thought that the large Conservative majority made victory there unlikely.[93]Nigel Farage later announced that the Brexit Party would not stand in any constituency won by the Conservatives in 2017[94] and the Brexit Party candidate would be Jonathan Bullock, a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the East Midlands constituency.[95] UKIP did not stand in the constituency. They stood in only 44 out of 650 British seats at the election.[96] In the election, held on 12 December, the Conservatives further increased their majority, winning 76.7% of the vote.[97] This was the Conservatives' second-highest vote share in the election (after Castle Point).[97] The seat was also the fifteenth safest seat in the election (measured by percentage majority) and the second-safest Conservative seat after neighbouring South Holland and the Deepings.[98]
2019–2024: Reform UK's ascendancy
Leading up to the 2024 United Kingdom general election, analysts considered this constituency of interest for Reform UK due to its high Euroscepticism. For this reason, Richard Tice, the party's deputy leader, decided to run in it, reflective of previous major UKIP politicians targeting it for the same reason.[99][100] Tice ultimately succeeded, managing to overturn the previous Tory MP's majority of over 25,000. Based on the party swings, it can be assumed that Tice managed to take many voters who had primarily voted for the Tories in 2019, but did not want to again, demonstrating a nationwide trend against the party.
^Constituencies in the United Kingdom are legally designated as either county constituencies or borough constituencies.[5] In general, county constituencies are any constituencies where more than a small proportion of the constituency is rural.[6] Legally, campaign spending limits are higher in county constituencies than in borough constituencies,[7] and the two categories of seats have different types of returning officers.[8]
^Buckingham was at the time the seat of the Speaker of the House of Commons, John Bercow; the Speaker is seen as neutral and is traditionally not challenged by major parties.[41] The Conservatives, Labour and the Liberal Democrats did not stand in the seat in the 2010 general election, but several minor party and independent candidates, including Farage, contested the seat and the race was seen as unusually competitive.[42] Farage came third, behind Bercow and an independent candidate, John Stevens.[43]
^The results of the EU referendum were measured in counting areas, not by constituency, and the exact result for most constituencies (including Boston and Skegness)[75] is not known, but the researcher Chris Hanretty has made estimates.[76] Of the 382 counting areas, which were generally based on local authorities,[77] the Borough of Boston (which lies entirely within the constituency of Boston and Skegness), had the largest level of support for leaving the EU, at 75.6%.[78][79]
^"Parliamentary constituencies". UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020. Both Houses of Parliament need to agree any changes
^"Part A – (Acting) Returning Officer role and responsibilities"(PDF). Electoral Commission. November 2019. p. 8. Archived(PDF) from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020. In a borough constituency contained in a district, the mayor or chairman of the local authority is the RO [returning officer]. In a county constituency, the RO is the Sheriff of the County
^Edwards, Sharon (13 December 2019). "What are the issues for Lincolnshire voters?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020. Lincolnshire is a true blue stomping ground with six of the seven seats taken by Conservative candidates in 2017 and none with a majority of less than 16,000.
^"General election 2019: Tories retake Lincoln". BBC News. 13 December 2019. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020. The party now controls all seven of Lincolnshire's parliamentary constituencies
^Trilling, Daniel (15 May 2014). "Whatever happened to the English Democrats?". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020. Peter Davis's election as mayor of Doncaster remains the far-right fringe party's biggest achievement
^Wheeler, Brian (17 June 2005). "The longest campaign". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020. this tragic event meant the general election would have to be postponed in Staffordshire South
^ ab"Rt Hon Mark Simmonds". UK Parliament. 2015. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020. Shadow Minister (Health) Department of Health 3 July 2007 – 6 May 2010
^Wright, Katie; Willis, Ella (10 November 2019). "General election 2019: The town that won't get a choice". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020. tradition means major parties agree not to stand against the Speaker, who is considered to be politically neutral
^Pidd, Helen (2 May 2018). "As the BNP vanishes, do the forces that built it remain?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020. With the far-right party's last councillor retiring in Lancashire, its fall from grace is complete
^"Facebook bans UK far right groups and leaders". BBC News. 18 April 2019. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020. Facebook has imposed a ban on a dozen far-right individuals and organisations that it says "spread hate". The ban includes the British National Party
^ abcJaines, Daniel (25 October 2014). "Daily Telegraph journalist connects with Conservatives". Boston Standard. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2020. The head of technology at the Daily Telegraph has won the race to become the Boston and Skegness Conservative candidate for May 2015 in a hotly contested competition
^"General election 2015: five seats Ukip could win". Channel 4. 6 February 2015. Archived from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2020. "It has a strong local branch, an active councillor in Robin Hunter-Clarke (pictured) and sits in Ukip's Lincolnshire heartland," Nottingham University Politics Professor Matthew Goodwin told Channel 4 News
^Dempsey, Noel (6 February 2017). "Brexit: votes by constituency". House of Commons Library. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020. Hanretty used a model to estimate the results of the EU referendum for Parliamentary constituencies
^"Lincolnshire records UK's highest Brexit vote". BBC News. 24 June 2016. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020. Boston saw the highest leave vote in the UK with almost 76% voting to exit the EU
^"Explaining Britain's immigration paradox". The Economist. 15 April 2017. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020. Boston went for Brexit by 76:24, the highest margin of any local authority
^Savage, Michael (1 June 2019). "Brexit party tops Westminster election poll for first time". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020. The Brexit party's support increased by two points to 26% of the vote in the latest Opinium poll
^Barnes, Peter (11 December 2019). "General election poll tracker: How do the parties compare?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020. The Brexit Party started the campaign at around 10% of the vote but have fallen back dramatically
^"General Election candidates". Boston and Skegness General Election 2010. Boston Borough Council. 6 May 2010. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
Morgan, Bryn (18 June 2001). General Election results, 7 June 2001(PDF) (Report). House of Commons Library. Archived(PDF) from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
Mellows-Facer, Adam (10 March 2006). General Election 2005(PDF) (Report). House of Commons Library. Archived(PDF) from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
Rhodes, Christopher; Cracknell, Richard; McGuiness, Feargal (2 February 2011). General Election 2010(PDF) (Report). House of Commons Library. Archived(PDF) from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
Hawkins, Oliver; Keen, Richard; Nakatudde, Nambassa; Ayres, Steven; Baker, Carl; Harker, Rachael; Bolton, Paul; Johnston, Neil; Cracknell, Richard (28 July 2015). General Election 2015(PDF) (Report). House of Commons Library. Archived(PDF) from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
Baker, Carl; Hawkins, Oliver; Audickas, Lukas; Bate, Alex; Cracknell, Richard; Apostolova, Vyara; Dempsey, Noel; McInnes, Roderick; Rutherford, Tom; Uberoi, Elise (29 January 2019). General Election 2017: results and analysis(PDF) (Report). House of Commons Library. Archived(PDF) from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
Uberoi, Elise; Baker, Carl; Cracknell, Richard (19 December 2019). General Election 2019: results and analysis(PDF) (Report). House of Commons Library. Archived(PDF) from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
Fifth Periodical Report(PDF) (Report). Vol. 1: Report. Boundary Commission for England. 2007. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
