Following the Council House Fight of 1840 a group of Comanches led by the Penateka Comanche War Chief Buffalo Hump, warriors from his own band plus allies from various other Comanche bands, raided from West Texas all the way to the coast and the sea.[2] These Comanches were angered by the events of the Council House, in which Texians had killed the Comanche Chiefs who, after failing to deliver all of their Texian and Mexican prisoners for release, resisted being taken prisoner themselves.
The Texan officials began the treaty talks with demands that were unacceptable or impossible to fulfill for the Comanches, such as the Comanche return all white captives, including the famous captive Cynthia Parker. Other white captives were with bands of the Comanche not represented at the talks. As a show of good faith the Comanche chiefs brought in two captives, a Mexican boy and an adolescent girl named Matilda Lockhart. The Texans thought they were going against their word, because the Comanche chiefs did not return all of the white captives and figured they held back some of their white captives to guarantee their own safety. Outraged with the outward signs of torture and mutilation on the body and face of the fourteen year old Matilda, and the account of successive gang rape she had suffered, the Texan's exercised a premeditated plan of violating the immunity of the peace delegation. The Texas militiamen told the chiefs it was they that would indeed be held hostage to guarantee the release of their other white captives. Everyone panicked and drew their weapons. The militia began firing and the entire Comanche peace delegation was killed.[3][4]
But Buffalo Hump was determined to do more than merely complain about what the Comanches viewed as a bitter betrayal. Spreading word to the other bands of Comanches that he was raiding the white settlements in revenge, Buffalo Hump led the Great Raid of 1840. On this raid the Comanches went all the way from beyond the Edwards Plateau in West Texas to the cities of Victoria and Linnville on the Texas coast. In what may have been the largest organized raid by the Comanches to that point on Texas settlements, or an attack by Indians on any white city in the continental United States,[5] they raided and burned these towns, plundering at will. Linnville was the second largest port in Texas at that time. On the way back from the sea the Comanches were confronted by Texas rangers and militia in a fight called the Battle of Plum Creek (near the modern town of Lockhart).
The Battle of Plum Creek
The "battle" was really more of a running gun fight, as the Comanche War Party was trying to get back to the Llano Estacado with a huge herd of horses and mules they had captured, a large number of firearms, and other plunder such as mirrors, liquor, and cloth.[1] Volunteers from Gonzales under Mathew Caldwell and from Bastrop under Ed Burleson gathered to intercept the Comanches. Joined by Ranger companies and armed settlers hastily assembled as militia from central and east Texas, they confronted the Indians at Good's Crossing on Plum Creek, near the modern town of Lockhart (about 27 miles south of Austin).[5] According to Arizona historian Robert M. Utley, the battle of Plum Creek was a disaster for the Comanche. Most of the loot they took was recovered, and the Texans involved in the battle suffered only one death.[6]
While the Comanche were forced to retreat, and lost a large number of their loot, they succeeded in protecting their women and children who came with them to the raid.[9] Furthermore, the vast majority of the horses taken in the raid, did not fall into Texan hands with only several hundred being retaken, out of more than 3,000.[9]
John Moore and the La Grange volunteers hunted down a Comanche war party that had escaped the battle and all but exterminated them.[10] Buffalo Hump continued to raid white settlements until 1844, when he negotiated peace, and after Texas acquired statehood he agreed to settle his band into the Treaty of Council Springs, while European settlers took over the former Comanche land.[11] Buffalo Hump went on to the Comanche Reservation in 1856, but left after two years of starvation, fleeing to the Wichita Mountains where his band was attacked by U.S. troops, who forced them back on to the reservation.[12] The town of Linnville never recovered from the Great Raid, most of its residents moving to Port Lavaca, the new settlement established on the bay three and one half miles southwest by displaced Linnville residents.
Notes
^Utley 2002, p. 39: "The Texans came out of the fight with one killed and seven wounded."
^ abThe Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement: A Century and a Half of Savage Resistance to the Advancing White Frontier. Arthur H. Clarke Co. 1933.
^The Comanches: Lords of the Southern Plains. Oklahoma Press. 1952.
^ abThe Comanches: Lords of the Southern Plains. University of Oklahoma Press. 1952.
^Utley 2002, p. 39: "Whatever the exact casualties, the battle of Plum Creek was a disaster for the Commanches. In their drive to the Gulf they had slain twenty citizens, but at Plum Creek they had lost, besides human casualties, all the stock scooped up at Victoria and most of the merchandise taken from the Linnville warehouses. The Texans came out of the fight with one killed and seven wounded."
^McCoy, Robert R.; Fountain, Steven M. (24 April 2017). History of American Indians: Exploring Diverse Roots. ABC-CLIO. p. 70. ISBN978-0-313-38683-1. "By early 1844, Amorous Man, Buffalo Hump, and Old Owl agreed to return captives and end raiding against Texas targets" cont. "However, once Texas became a state, Buffalo Hump again returned to negotiations and signed the Treaty of Council Springs in 1846."
^McCoy & Fountain 2017, p. 71: "Buffalo Hump moved to the Commanche Reservation in 1856, but only stayed two years before moving his band to the Wichita Mountains to feed their families. There, U.S. troops attacked the Commanches and forced them back to the reservation."
References
Bial, Raymond. Lifeways: The Comanche. New York: Benchmark Books, 2000.
Brice, Donaly E. The Great Comanche Raid: Boldest Indian Attack on the Texas Republic McGowan Book Co. 1987
Richardson, Rupert N. The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement: A Century and a Half of Savage Resistance to the Advancing White Frontier. Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1933.
Rollings, Willard. Indians of North America: The Comanche. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989.
Secoy, Frank. Changing Military Patterns on the Great Plains. Monograph of the American Ethnological Society, No. 21. Locust Valley, NY: J. J. Augustin, 1953.
Streissguth, Thomas. Indigenous Peoples of North America: The Comanche. San Diego: Lucent Books Incorporation, 2000.
