Battle of Glenmaquin

54°54′20″N 7°39′58″W / 54.9056°N 7.6661°W / 54.9056; -7.6661

Battle of Glenmaquin
Part of the Irish Confederate Wars
Date16 June 1642
Location
Glenmaquin, County Donegal
Result Crown victory
Belligerents

Royalists

Irish Confederates
Commanders and leaders
Sir Robert Stewart Sir Felim O'Neill
Strength
2,000[1] 6,000[1]
Casualties and losses
Low 500[2]
Battle of Glenmaquin is located in Ireland
Glenmaquin
Glenmaquin
Belfast
Belfast
Dublin
Dublin
Ireland and Glenmaquin

The Battle of Glenmaquin was a brief battle on 16 June 1642 during the Eleven Years' War. It was fought between the Royalist Laggan Army commanded by Sir Robert Stewart and Irish Confederate forces commanded by Sir Felim O'Neill. The battle ended in a decisive victory for the Laggan Army with the Confederate forces suffering heavy losses.[3]

Background

As a result of the violence that erupted against Protestants in Ireland after the start of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, numerous settler militias were formed. One of the militias created during this period, the Laggan Army, took its name from the fertile farmland of the Laggan Valley in east County Donegal.[3][4]

In the late spring of 1642, Sir Felim O'Neill, a principal organiser of the initial coup and commander of the Irish Ulster Army, assembled a large Confederate army reinforced by the MacDonnells of Antrim and invaded the Laggan Valley.[3]

The armies

The Laggan Army

At the outset of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, thousands of Protestant settlers were evicted from their lands. Their homes were burned and their possessions taken. The settlers became homeless refugees and were mercilessly hunted down and murdered by the Confederates. Thousands of the Protestant refugees sought safety and protection in Royalist strongholds or attempted to leave Ireland and return to England and Scotland.[3][5]

Wealthy Protestant landowners in northwest Ulster such as Sir William Stewart and his brother Sir Robert Stewart chose to defend their properties by organizing militias.[3] The Stewarts were Scottish settlers who had served King Charles I of England in the military. During the colonization of Ulster King Charles awarded English and Scottish loyalists such as the Stewarts with large tracts of escheated land under the condition that improvements be made and tenant settlers be brought over from England or Scotland.[6][7]

The Stewarts were held in such high regard by the English Crown that immediately after the outbreak of the rebellion, King Charles authorized both of the Stewarts to establish a regiment of 1,000 foot and a troop of horse for the king’s service. The military force that the Stewarts created came to be known as the Laggan Army. Originally the unit was formed to protect the Laggan Valley in eastern Donegal along with the northwest portions of counties Tyrone and Derry.[8] As the war progressed, the Laggan Army became the most dominant Royalist militia in Ulster, defending and relieving Protestant strongholds; escorting refugees to safe havens; conducting reprisal attacks on the Confederates; and supporting other Royalist militias in numerous conflicts.[1][9] William Stewart served as the nominal leader of the Laggan Army in the beginning as he had greater seniority and landed interests than his brother. Fairly quickly, however, Robert Stewart was selected for overall command based upon his extensive experience in the Thirty Years' War on the European continent.[1][10] Robert Stewart was resourceful and proved to be adept at recruiting men and training military units. His troops were better equipped than the Confederates they faced especially with respect to muskets. And perhaps most important of all, Stewart was both experienced and knowledgeable with regard to battlefield tactics.[1]

Felim’s Confederate army

Sir Felim O'Neill

In contrast to the Protestant militias, the Confederate military during the early stages of its existence was relatively undisciplined and poorly trained. This was partly due to Felim O'Neill's lack of military experience, but also the Irish soldiers' tendencies to attack British civilians and plunder their possessions rather than fight the enemy forces.

In the late spring of 1642, Felim decided to invade Donegal. It’s not entirely clear why he chose to directly confront the Laggan Army at that time. Felim’s military record in the field was spotty with more defeats than victories. Support for the rebellion among the local Irish lords was weak in counties Donegal and Derry compared to the enthusiasm across the rest of Ulster. Felim may have believed that confronting the Laggan Army would gain him the support of the hesitant Irish lords. Alternatively, he may have believed that he could defeat the Laggan Army and then conquer northwest Ulster including the undefended Royalist stronghold and port city of Londonderry. Or perhaps Felim was caught in a trap and had no other alternative in that the eastern counties of Ulster were held by Sir Robert Monro, commander of a Scottish expeditionary force, who was sent to protect Protestant civilians.[1][11][12]

Carrying through with his decision, Felim joined forces with the MacDonnells of Antrim in early June and marched west toward Donegal with an army estimated to be as large as 6,000 foot and several hundred horse. Also supporting Felim in the invasion of Donegal was Alasdair Mac Colla, the Scottish military officer who defected to the side of the Irish Confederates in early 1642.[1][11][13]

The battle

On 14 June, Felim crossed the river Foyle and entered Donegal seeking an engagement with the Laggan Army. Stewart was aware of the approach of the Confederates and had his force of 2,000 ready but chose not to immediately attack. Stewart withdrew, drawing Felim in to a place where the Laggan Army would have an advantage. The following night the two armed forces gathered a few hundred meters apart on the opposite sides of a valley near the small village of Glenmaquin. Stewart prepared for battle by having his men build defensive works. Felim, planning to take the offense, chose not to construct any fortification.[1]

The next morning, Felim assembled his army and formed the infantry up along two lines. The Laggan Army took positions behind their defensive structures. Out of musket range and without artillery, the two armies stood facing each other, waiting for the other side to make the first move. Stewart chose to act, sending a small vanguard of sharpshooters partway across the field to attack the Confederates, goading them to react. The Confederates reacted as Stewart hoped they would, charging downhill, full force. The forward detachment retreated to the Laggan defensive position with the Confederates at their heels. As the Confederates reached the Laggan fortifications, the main body of the Royalist militia opened fire with their muskets. Caught in the open, the first line of the Confederate force took heavy casualties. Unable to advance, the Confederates broke and attempted to flee.[1][12]

Stewart then pressed forward with a counter-attack. This caused the first line of the Confederates to retreat in such disorder that they collided with the second line which was attempting to advance. All this chaos and confusion caused the second line of the Confederates to panic and break despite the commands of Felim and his officers. As the Confederates fled in all directions, Stewart unleashed his cavalry to pursue those on the run.[1][9]

For Felim it was a horrendous loss. In addition to common soldiers, many officers including Donnell Gorm MacDonnell, an Antrim chieftain, were lost. Casualties were heavily weighted on the side of the Confederates. Laggan losses are unknown but were significantly lower than the 500 estimated casualties of the Confederates. Felim’s losses would have been even higher had not Alasdair MacColla and his force of Antrim Scots interceded in the pursuit of Felim’s fleeing army.[1][2][3][12]

Aftermath

In the days after the battle, Felim returned eighty kilometers east back to his headquarters at Charlemont in County Armagh. The Irish army was demoralised by the defeat and many returned to their homes, having lost faith in O'Neill as an effective leader of the Ulster Army.[1][2]

The Laggan Army continued to operate against the Confederate forces in the province. However, the arrival of experienced Irish general Owen Roe O'Neill in 1642 to take command of the Ulster Army brought increased training and discipline to the Irish Ulster Army. Despite gaining a victory over Owen Roe at the Battle of Clones in 1643, in the following years the Irish military began to gain ground and the Laggan army along with their Scottish Covenanter allies were decisively defeated by the Irish forces at the Battle of Benburb in 1646.

See also

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ireland's Wars: Glenmaquin.
  2. ^ a b c Hamilton (1920), p. 267.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Gray.
  4. ^ Ohlmeyer (2018), pp. 255–256.
  5. ^ Hamilton (1920), pp. 194–212.
  6. ^ Wills (1841), p. 22.
  7. ^ Kimber (1768), p. 64.
  8. ^ Hamilton (1920), p. 124.
  9. ^ a b Ohlmeyer (2018), p. 256.
  10. ^ Hamilton (1920), pp. 187–188.
  11. ^ a b Hamilton (1920), p. 266.
  12. ^ a b c The War of Three Kingdoms In Ireland, 1641-48.
  13. ^ Stevenson (2005), p. 100.

References

  • Gray, Boyd. "The Plantation of Ulster". electricscotland.com. Electric Scotland USA LLC. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  • Hamilton, Lord Ernes (1920). The Irish Rebellion of 1641: With a History of the Events which Led Up to and Succeeded it. J. Murray.
  • "Ireland's Wars: Glenmaquin". Never Felt Better. Never Felt Better. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  • Kimber, Edward (1768). The Peerage of Ireland: A Genealogical and Historical Account of All the Peers of that Kingdom Etc, Volume 1. Almon. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  • Lingard, John (1840). A History of England, from the First Invasion by the Romans - Volume 3 (5th ed.). Paris: Baudry's European Library. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  • Ohlmeyer, Jane (2018). The Cambridge History of Ireland: Volume 2, 1550–1730. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108592277.
  • Stevenson, David (2005). Scottish Covenanters and Irish Confederates: Scottish-Irish Relations in the Mid-Seventeenth Century. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. ISBN 9781903688465.
  • "The War of Three Kingdoms In Ireland, 1641-48". ScotWars. ScotWars. 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  • "Who gained what from the plantation?". Ask about Ireland. Libraries Development, LGMA. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  • Wills, James (1841). Lives of Illustrious and Distinguished Irishmen (Vol. III ed.). Dublin: Macgregor, Polson. Retrieved 15 May 2020.

Read other articles:

جائزة أستراليا الكبرى 2010 (بالإنجليزية: 2010 Formula 1 Qantas Australian Grand Prix)‏  السباق 2 من أصل 19 في بطولة العالم لسباقات الفورمولا واحد موسم 2010 السلسلة بطولة العالم لسباقات فورمولا 1 موسم 2010  البلد أستراليا  التاريخ 28 مارس 2010 مكان التنظيم حلبة سباق الجائزة الكبرى في ملبورن، أست

 

 

село Добровілля Автобусна зупинка в селі ДобровілляАвтобусна зупинка в селі Добровілля Країна  Україна Область Хмельницька область Район Кам'янець-Подільський район Громада Орининська сільська громада Код КАТОТТГ UA68020210030093868 Основні дані Населення 265 (2001 р.) Площа 0,481...

 

 

Koordinat: 7°15′39″S 112°42′44″E / 7.260836°S 112.712308°E / -7.260836; 112.712308 Sukomanunggal Sukamanunggal ꦱꦸꦏꦩꦤꦸꦁꦒꦭ꧀ KecamatanPeta lokasi Kecamatan SukomanunggalNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TimurKotaSurabayaPemerintahan • CamatLakoli, S.Sos., M.Si.Kode pos60281Kode Kemendagri35.78.27 Kode BPS3578160 Desa/kelurahan6 Sukomanunggal (Jawa: ꦱꦸꦏꦩꦤꦸꦁꦒꦭ꧀, translit. Sukamanunggal, [sukɔmanuŋgal...

Nama ini menggunakan aturan penamaan Slavia Timur; nama patronimiknya adalah Vladimirovna dan nama keluarganya adalah Poklonskaya. Natalia PoklonskayaDeputi Duma Negara RusiaPetahanaMulai menjabat 5 Oktober 2016Jaksa Agung Republik KrimeaMasa jabatan2014 – 4 Oktober 2016PresidenVladimir PutinPerdana MenteriSergey AksyonovPendahuluBaru terbentukPenggantiOleg Kamshylov Informasi pribadiLahir18 Maret 1980 (umur 43)ProfesiPengacara, Jaksa AgungSunting kotak info • L...

 

 

2011 << Vuelta a León 2012 >> 2013 Clasificaciones 5 etapas, 785,2 km General José Belda Montaña Carlos Verona Puntos Richard Handley Metas volantes Melvin Boskamp Sub-23 Sergei Belykh Equipos Gios Deyser-Leon Kastro La Vuelta a León 2012 fue la 23.ª edición de esta carrera ciclista que transcurre por la provincia de León. Se disputó entre el 7 y el 11 de agosto de 2012, sobre un total de 785,2 km, repartidos en cinco etapas. La prueba perteneció al UCI Europe Tour 2011-2...

 

 

هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (ديسمبر 2018) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة...

Universitas Victoria ManchesterLambang Universitas Victoria Manchester, diadopsi tahun 1871Nama sebelumnyaOwens CollegeMotobahasa Latin: Arduus ad solemMoto dalam bahasa InggrisStriving towards the sunJenisUmumAktif12 March 1851[1]–1 October 2004LokasiManchester, Inggris, Britania Raya53°28′03″N 2°13′57″W / 53.4675°N 2.2325°W / 53.4675; -2.2325Koordinat: 53°28′03″N 2°13′57″W / 53.4675°N 2.2325°W / 53.46...

 

 

Town in Texas, United StatesBlum, TexasTownLocation of Blum, TexasCoordinates: 32°8′33″N 97°23′44″W / 32.14250°N 97.39556°W / 32.14250; -97.39556CountryUnited StatesStateTexasCountyHillArea[1] • Total1.01 sq mi (2.61 km2) • Land0.99 sq mi (2.56 km2) • Water0.02 sq mi (0.05 km2)Elevation591 ft (180 m)Population (2010) • Total444 • E...

 

 

2000 film by Stephen Hopkins Under SuspicionTheatrical release posterDirected byStephen HopkinsScreenplay byTom ProvostW. Peter IliffBased onBrainwashby John WainwrightGarde à vueby Claude MillerJean HermanMichel AudiardProduced by Gene Hackman Morgan Freeman Lori McCreary Anne Marie Gillen Stephen Hopkins Starring Gene Hackman Morgan Freeman Thomas Jane Monica Bellucci CinematographyPeter LevyEdited byJohn SmithMusic byBTProductioncompanies Revelations Entertainment[1] TF1 Internati...

Mojowarno, salah satu daerah tempat penginjilan Johannes Emde. Johannes Emde (1774-1859) adalah salah seorang penginjil Jerman yang bekerja di Indonesia.[1] Ia menjadi salah satu pendiri dari gereja-gereja di Jawa Timur.[1] Di Surabaya ia diberi julukan Santo Surabaya.[1] Riwayat singkat Johannes Emde lahir di Arolsen, Jerman pada tahun 1774 dan meninggal pada tahun 1859.[1] Di Indonesia Emde tinggal di Surabaya dan menikahi seorang perempuan Jawa di sana dari ...

 

 

2013 American filmThe MomentDirected byJane WeinstockWritten byGloria NorrisJane WeinstockProduced byAllan JonesJane WeinstockJames WellingGloria NorrisMary Jane SkalskiJulia EisenmanStarringJennifer Jason LeighMartin HendersonAlia ShawkatMeat LoafCinematographyJames LaxtonEdited byStan SalfasRuben SebbanMusic byNathan LarsonProductioncompanyMomentous DevelopmentDistributed byDada FilmsRelease date April 21, 2013 (2013-04-21) (Tribeca Film Festival)[1] Running time9...

 

 

Church in Møre og Romsdal, NorwayMolde CathedralMolde domkirkeView of the church62°44′18″N 7°09′36″E / 62.7382380117°N 7.16010010239°E / 62.7382380117; 7.16010010239LocationMolde Municipality,Møre og RomsdalCountryNorwayDenominationChurch of NorwayChurchmanshipEvangelical LutheranHistoryStatusCathedralFounded1662Consecrated8 December 1957ArchitectureFunctional statusActiveArchitect(s)Finn BrynArchitectural typeBasilicaCompleted1957 (66 years ago)...

Russian Rocket redirects here. For the swimmer, see Alexander Popov (swimmer). Russian ice hockey player (born 1971) Ice hockey player Pavel Bure Hockey Hall of Fame, 2012 Bure with the Vancouver Canucks in 1997Born (1971-03-31) March 31, 1971 (age 52)Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union[1][2]Height 5 ft 10 in (178 cm)Weight 191 lb (87 kg; 13 st 9 lb)Position Right wingShot LeftPlayed for CSKA MoscowVancouver CanucksSpartak MoscowEV Landsh...

 

 

Honduran charlatan Alfredo BowmanBornAlfredo Darrington Bowman[1](1933-11-26)26 November 1933[2]Ilanga, Honduras[1]Died6 August 2016(2016-08-06) (aged 82)Barrio Ingles La Ceiba, HondurasCause of deathPneumoniaOccupation(s)Herbalist,[2] witch doctor[2][3][4]SpousesPatsy Bowman[5]Maha BowmanChildren17 Alfredo Darrington Bowman (26 November 1933 – 6 August 2016),[2] also known as Dr. Sebi (/seɪbiː/), was a Hond...

 

 

C.N.Sreekantan NairBorn(1928-03-31)March 31, 1928Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, IndiaDiedDecember 17, 1976(1976-12-17) (aged 48)Ernakulam, Kerala, IndiaResting placeChavara, Kollam district, KeralaOccupation(s)Writer, playwright, screenwriter, JournalistNotable workKanchana SitaLankalakshmiSakethamNashtakkachavadamSpouseKanakangi AmmaChildrenC.N.Unnikrishnan, Ambika KumarParent(s)Madavoor S.Neelakanta PIllai, Madhavikutty AmmaAwardsKerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama, M. P. Paul Prize C....

Peta sungai Aras dan Kura Arran terletak di barat Laut Kaspia Arran (bentuk bahasa Persia Pertengahan), juga dikenal sebagai Aran, Ardhan (dalam bahasa Parthia), Al-Ran (in Arabic),[1][2] Aghvank dan Alvank (dalam bahasa Armenia), (bahasa Georgia: რანი-Ran-i ) arau Albania Kaukasia[1][3] (dalam bahasa Latin), adalah sebuah nama geografi yang dipakai pada zaman kuno dan abad pertengahan untuk menyebut wilayah yang terbentang di segitiga daratan, data...

 

 

Launch Complex 1Map of launch complexes at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. LC-1 is at the farthest point east.Launch siteCape Canaveral Space Force StationLocation28°27′54″N 80°32′15″W / 28.46500°N 80.53750°W / 28.46500; -80.53750Short nameLC-1OperatorUnited States Space ForceTotal launches~66Launch pad(s)1Orbital inclination range28° - 57°Launch historyStatusInactiveFirst launchSnark, January 13, 1955Last launchSnark, December 5, 1960Associ...

 

 

Sub-prefecture and town in Kankan Region, GuineaBate-NafadjiSub-prefecture and townBate-NafadjiLocation in GuineaCoordinates: 10°40′N 9°16′W / 10.667°N 9.267°W / 10.667; -9.267Country GuineaRegionKankan RegionPrefectureKankan PrefecturePopulation (2014) • Total47,611Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT) Bate-Nafadji is a town and sub-prefecture in the Kankan Prefecture in the Kankan Region of eastern Guinea.[1] As of 2014 it had a population of 47,...

フェルディナント・バイエルFerdinand Beyer 基本情報生誕 (1806-07-25) 1806年7月25日 ローマ=ドイツ帝国 ザクセン選帝侯領、クヴェアフルト死没 (1863-05-14) 1863年5月14日(56歳没) ドイツ連邦 ヘッセン大公国、マインツジャンル クラシック音楽担当楽器 ピアノ ポータル クラシック音楽 フェルディナント・バイエル(Ferdinand Beyer, 1806年7月25日 - 1863年5月14日)は、ドイツの...

 

 

South Korean speed skater Lee Kyou-hyukLee Kyou-hyuk, 2007Personal informationBorn (1978-03-16) 16 March 1978 (age 45)South KoreaHeight1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Weight75 kg (165 lb)Spouse Son Dam-bi ​(m. 2022)​ SportCountry South KoreaSportSpeed skating Medal record Men's speed skating Representing  South Korea World Sprint Championships 2007 Hamar Sprint 2008 Heerenveen Sprint 2010 Obihiro Sprint 2011 Heerenveen Sprint 2012 Calgary...

 

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!