Barnard Castle (castle)

This article is about a castle. For the town of the same name in which it is situated, see Barnard Castle.

Barnard Castle
Barnard Castle, County Durham, England
Barnard Castle above the River Tees
Barnard Castle is located in County Durham
Barnard Castle
Barnard Castle
Coordinates54°32′36″N 1°55′36″W / 54.54333°N 1.92667°W / 54.54333; -1.92667
Grid referencegrid reference NZ04911641
Site information
OwnerEnglish Heritage
Open to
the public		Yes
Site history
MaterialsStone
A plan of the castle from J. D. Mackenzie's The Castles of England: their story and structure[1]
Painting of Barnard Castle, by J. M. W. Turner (c. 1825)

Barnard Castle is a ruined medieval castle situated in the town of the same name in County Durham, England.

History

A stone castle was built on the site of an earlier defended position from around 1095 to 1125 by Guy de Balliol. Between 1125 and 1185 his nephew Bernard de Balliol and his son Bernard II extended the building.[2]

In 1216 the castle was besieged by Alexander II, King of Scotland. It was still held by the Balliol family although its ownership was disputed by the Bishops of Durham. When John Balliol was deposed as King of Scotland in 1296 the castle was passed to the Bishop of Durham. Around 1300 Edward I granted it to the Earl of Warwick.[3] In the 15th century the castle passed by marriage from Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick to her husband, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick. In 1477 during the Wars of the Roses, Richard, Duke of Gloucester (later Richard III) took possession of the castle by right of his wife, Anne Neville. It became one of his favourite residences.[4][5]

During the rebellion of the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland, in the reign of Elizabeth, the castle, which was then the property of the crown, was garrisoned by Sir George Bowes, of Streatlam. During the Civil War, the castle was besieged by Cromwell, to whom, after a severe cannonading, the garrison surrendered. After frequent grants and reversions, the castle, lands, and appurtenances, were purchased by Sir Henry Vane, an ancestor of the Duke of Cleveland, himself a Viscount Bernard.[6]

Sir Henry Vane the Elder, Member of Parliament and important member of Charles I household, at first his Governor, later his Treasurer, purchased Raby Castle, Barnard Castle and Estate for £18,000. He chose to make Raby his principal home and de-roofed and removed stone from Barnard Castle to repair and maintain Raby.

The castle is in the custody of English Heritage and is open to the public. Of particular interest are the ruins of the 12th-century cylindrical tower and the 14th-century Great hall and Great chamber.[7] It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument,[8] and was designated as a Grade I listed building in 1950.[9] The remains of the medieval chapel of St Margaret in the outer ward are listed as Grade II.[10][11]

"Barney Castle"

"Barney Castle" is a phrase in the dialect of County Durham meaning "a pathetic excuse", generally thought to derive from the incident when Bowes retreated into the castle. Eric Partridge included the phrase in A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (1937).[12]

References

  1. ^ Mackenzie, James Dixon (1897). The Castles of England: their story and structure. New York: Macmillan. p. 386.
  2. ^ "Barnard Castle". SINE Project, University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2007.
  3. ^ Fry, Plantagenet Somerset (1980). The David & Charles Book of Castles. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. pp. 183–184. ISBN 0-7153-7976-3.
  4. ^ "Barnard Castle". University of London & History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 6 December 2007.
  5. ^ Simpson, David. "Timeline of North East History: Wars of the Roses 1455–1508". The North East England History Pages. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2007.
  6. ^ 'Barnard Castle - Barnshaw', in A Topographical Dictionary of England, ed. Samuel Lewis (London, 1848), pp. 148-153. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/england/pp148-153 [accessed 4 August 2022]
  7. ^ "Barnard Castle". English Heritage. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  8. ^ Historic England (2011). "Barnard Castle: ringwork, shell keep castle, chapel and dovecote (1007505)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  9. ^ Historic England (2011). "The Castle:Barnard Castle (1218822)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  10. ^ English Heritage handbook: Austin D: Barnard Castle, Durham: London: 1988
  11. ^ Historic England (2011). "Former chapel in outer ward of castle, with wall attached (1282722)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  12. ^ Partridge, Eric (2006). A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-96365-2.

Further reading

  • Austin, David (2007), Acts of Perception, A study of Barnard Castles in Teesdale, Architectural and Archaeological Society of Durham and Northumberland Research Report 6, ISBN 978-0-9510388-5-7

Media related to Barnard Castle at Wikimedia Commons

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