Avion de Transport Supersonique Futur

The Avion de Transport Supersonique Futur (ATSF) also known as Alliance, was a concept design for supersonic transport developed by British Aerospace and Aérospatiale together. The aircraft was to be based on the experience learned from the supersonic Concorde, and was to fly at a top speed of roughly Mach 2. Preliminary designs were produced, with some wind-tunnel testing of small-scale models, but development apparently stalled in the early 2000s.

History

By the mid-1980s, it was recognised that Concorde, the first long-serving supersonic transport, had achieved a niche level of profitability on the busiest Transatlantic routes, but that the airliner had not attracted the widespread use that had been hoped, in part due to political complications and poor economic situation following the 1973 oil crisis.[1] Furthermore, during this era, various organisations were undertaking projects, such as the National Aero-Space Plane in the United States, which were aimed at competing with Concorde as next generation supersonic transports. Some political figures, such as US President Ronald Reagan, were outspokenly optimistic on the topic, and directed funding to such ventures; accordingly, several aerospace companies, not least Concorde's manufacturers, British Aerospace and Aérospatiale, kept a keen eye on these developments and often performed their own studies into future supersonic transports.[1][2]

During the late 1980s, the independent studies performed by British Aerospace and Aérospatiale would coalesce into the Avion de Transport Supersonique Futur (ATSF).[3] A primary objective of this study was to determine not only the technical possibility of such an airliner, but also its commercial viability and compliance with environmental standards, particularly those pertaining to noise and pollution. The study assumed that overland supersonic flight would not be permitted anywhere due to the undesirable sonic booms that people would be otherwise routinely subject to.[3] Operating costs were also examined, as this aspect was particularly valued by airliners, its prospective customer base. The study recognised that both the development and manufacture of the ATSF would have to be economically feasible, avoid undue technical risks, and likely to be built at such a quantity to be profitable.[3]

It was decided that the ATSF would retain the same Mach 2 maximum speed as Concorde due to the severe engineering challenges posed by going beyond this point.[3] Market analysis had determined that, so long as a supersonic airliner was at least 1.5 times faster than its subsonic competitors, it would attract at least 20 percent of the passengers travelling on that route. Adopting the Mach 2 limit also meant it was relatively easy to compare emerging design concepts and the real life experience garnered from operating Concorde, which had attained 15,000 flight hours fleetwide at this point.[3] A maximum range of 10,000 km was also found to cover 75% of all non-stop long range routes being operated worldwide as of the 1990. Passenger capacity was roughly double that of Concorde, seating 200 passengers; it was speculated that up to 250 could be accommodated on a shorter range ATSF variant.[3]

The basic configuration of the ATSF was broadly similar to Concorde, even to the point of intentionally mimicking design features such as its nose and cockpit.[3] However, reused elements were typically refined for greater aerodynamic efficiency, improved usability, and to address some shortcomings. While an ogee delta wing was also used on the ATSF, substantial effort was placed onto redesigning the wing and fuselage to attain better performance, such as a cruise lift/drag radio of 10.[3] Much attention was paid to the wing and landing gear as to reduce drag; boundary layer control to achieve and maintain laminar flow was also investigated.[3]

Engine installation and selection was also examined; it was quickly found that powerplants that were either substantially larger or heavier would have an undue impact on performance.[3] Even in 1990, the Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 turbojet engine, as used on Concorde, still provided the best supersonic performance available amongst existing powerplants. However, if required to perform extended flights at subsonic speeds, it was found that a low-bypass turbofan was optimal.[3] Four engine manufacturers, SNECMA, Rolls-Royce, Pratt and Whitney, and General Electric, had submitted proposals with which to power the ATSF.[3]

By 1994, a trilateral partnership between British Aerospace, Aérospatiale, and the German aircraft manufacturer DaimlerChrysler Aerospace had been formed to develop a supersonic successor to Concorde, which was referred to as the European Supersonic Commercial Transport (ESCT).[4] Amongst other criteria, this project had a similar passenger capacity, top speed, and range to the earlier ATSF.[4] While likely to have been so, it is unclear if this project was a rebranding or restructuring of the earlier ATSF. Irrespectively, the ESCT appears to have taken the role, and place, of the early ATSF project.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Ausrotas, Raymond A. (1986). "The Market Potential of Future Supersonic Aircraft". Aerospace. 95 §7. SAE Transactions: 718–722. JSTOR 44470585.
  2. ^ National Aero-space Plane Program Fact Sheet Archived 2 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine (URL needs archiving)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Collard, Dudley (1990). "Future Supersonic Transport Studies at Aerospatiale". SAE Transactions. 99: 1700–1708. JSTOR 44473138.
  4. ^ a b Diekjobst, Bjoern; Diekjobst, Björn; Goos, Joern; Goos, Jörn (1999). "Optimization of the Wing Structure of a Future Supersonic Transport Aircraft". SAE Transactions. 108: 1278–1287. JSTOR 44729514.
  5. ^ Phillip K. Green; Michel Pacull; H. Detlef Reimers (1996). "European 2nd Generation Supersonic Commercial Transport Aircraft" (PDF). icas.org. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Read other articles:

American politician (born 1973) Lori TrahanMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Massachusetts's 3rd districtIncumbentAssumed office January 3, 2019Preceded byNiki Tsongas Personal detailsBornLori Ann Loureiro (1973-10-27) October 27, 1973 (age 50)Lowell, Massachusetts, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouseDavid TrahanChildren5EducationGeorgetown University (BS)WebsiteHouse website Lori Ann Trahan (/trəˈhæn/ trə-HANN; née Loureiro; born October 27, 1973) is a...

 

 

هيديكي توجو四郎 征 四郎 (باليابانية: 板垣征四郎)‏  معلومات شخصية الميلاد 21 يناير 1885[1]  موريوكا، إيواته  الوفاة 23 ديسمبر 1948 (63 سنة) [1]  سجن سوجامو  سبب الوفاة شنق  مكان الدفن آيتشي  مواطنة اليابان  مناصب وزارة الحرب   في المنصبيونيو 1938  – أغسطس 1939...

 

 

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) توماس هنتر لوي معلومات شخصية تاريخ الميلاد 8 يناير 1928  تاريخ الوفاة 13 يونيو 1984 (56 سنة)   مواطنة الولايات المتحدة  الحياة العملية المهنة محامٍ،  وقاضٍ...

Daftar ini belum tentu lengkap. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya. Artikel ini memiliki beberapa masalah. Tolong bantu memperbaikinya atau diskusikan masalah-masalah ini di halaman pembicaraannya. (Pelajari bagaimana dan kapan saat yang tepat untuk menghapus templat pesan ini) Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat...

 

 

الحرب التركية–الأرمينية جزء من حرب الاستقلال التركية مدنيون أرمن يفرون من كارس بعد الاستيلاء عليها من قبل قوات كاظم كارابكر. معلومات عامة التاريخ 24 سبتمبر – 23 ديسمبر 1920 الموقع جنوب القوقاز النتيجة انتصار تركيا والاتحاد السوفييتي تغييراتحدودية تقسيم الأراضي الأرمينية ب�...

 

 

Linguistic change in the first millennium CE The opening verses of the fourteenth-century Cornish play Origo Mundi. The decline of Celtic languages in England was the historical process by which the Brythonic languages of early medieval England were displaced by the West Germanic dialects that are now known collectively as Old English. Prior to the 5th century AD, most people in Great Britain spoke the Brythonic language, but these numbers declined sharply throughout the Anglo-Saxon period (b...

2014 studio album by Duncan MightyGrace & Talent (No Man is Self Made)Studio album by Duncan MightyReleasedDecember 17, 2014 (2014-12-17)Genre Hip hop reggae Afrobeats Length67:12LanguageEnglish, Pidgin, Igbo, IkwerreLabelYoung Wealth RecordsProducerDuncan MightyDuncan Mighty chronology Footprints(2013) Grace & Talent (No Man is Self Made)(2014) The Certificate(2016) Grace & Talent is the fourth studio album by Nigerian singer Duncan Mighty. It was released ...

 

 

2022 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film MahaanOfficial release posterDirected byKarthik SubbarajWritten byKarthik SubbarajProduced byS. S. Lalit KumarStarringVikramSimranDhruv VikramBobby SimhaCinematographyShreyaas KrishnaEdited byVivek HarshanMusic bySanthosh NarayananProductioncompanySeven Screen StudioDistributed byAmazon Prime VideoRelease date 10 February 2022 (2022-02-10) Running time162 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageTamil Mahaan (transl. The Great One) is a 2...

 

 

1929 film by Marshall Neilan The Vagabond LoverAdvertisement from Motion Picture NewsDirected byMarshall NeilanWritten byJames Ashmore CreelmanProduced byWilliam LeBaronStarringRudy ValleeSally BlaneMarie DresslerCharles SellonCinematographyLeo ToverEdited byArthur RobertsMusic byVictor Baravalle (music director)Harry M. Woods (songwriter)Distributed byRKO Radio PicturesRelease dates November 26, 1929 (1929-11-26) (New York City)[1] December 1, 1929 (...

German painter Sgt. Léo Schnug (1914) Solemn Entry of Emperor Sigismund in Strasbourg in 1414, detail of a 1904 painting by Léo Schnug. Height 3.45 m (11.3 ft), width 8.37 m (27.5 ft). Musée historique de Strasbourg Léo Schnug (17 February 1878, Strasbourg - 15 December 1933, near Brumath) was an Alsatian painter and illustrator of German ancestry.[1] Biography When he was still very young, his father, a court clerk, was hospitalized for a mental illness. To su...

 

 

Video game series For the comedian, see Tony Hawks. For the series namesake, see Tony Hawk. Video game seriesTony Hawk'sGenre(s)Extreme sportsDeveloper(s)Neversoft (1999–2007) Vicarious Visions (2001–2007, 2020) Robomodo (2009–2015) Other Edge of Reality NatsumeTreyarch Shaba Games HotGen Gearbox Software Beenox Visual Impact Toys For Bob SuperVillain Studios Page 44 Studios Glu Mobile Creat Studios Buzz Monkey Big Bit Disruptive Games Maple Media Publisher(s)Activision (1999–2015, 20...

 

 

Military head of state of Nigeria from 1966 to 1975 GeneralYakubu GowonGCFRGowon in 20073rd Head of State of NigeriaIn office1 August 1966 – 29 July 1975Chief of StaffJ. E. A. WeyPreceded byJohnson Aguiyi-IronsiSucceeded byMurtala MohammedChairperson of the Organisation of African UnityIn office27 May 1973 – 12 June 1974Preceded byHassan IISucceeded bySiad BarreFederal Commissioner of DefenceIn office1966–1975Preceded byInuwa WadaSucceeded byIlliya BisallaChief of Army...

2016 South Korean television series This article is about the South Korean television series. For the type of contract, see Marriage contract. Marriage ContractPromotional posterGenreMelodramaWritten byJung Yoo-kyungDirected byKim Jin-minStarringLee Seo-jinUeeKim Yong-geonPark Jung-sooLee Hwi-hyangKim Young-pilShin Rin-ahKim Kwang-kyuKim Yoo-riCountry of originSouth KoreaOriginal languageKoreanNo. of episodes16ProductionProducerKim Hee-yeolRunning time65 minutesProduction companyPan Entertain...

 

 

  Faneca-menor Estado de conservaciónPreocupación menor (UICN 3.1)[1]​TaxonomíaReino: AnimaliaFilo: ChordataClase: ActinopterygiiSubclase: NeopterygiiInfraclase: TeleosteiSuperorden: ParacanthopterygiiOrden: GadiformesFamilia: GadidaeGénero: TrisopterusEspecie: T. minutusLinnaeus, 1758Distribución Distribución por Atlántico y MediterráneoSinonimia Gadus minutus (Linnaeus, 1758) Gadus capelanus (Lacepède, 1800) [editar datos en Wikidata] La faneca menor, cape...

 

 

American legislative district Map of Massachusetts House of Representatives' 3rd Plymouth district, 2013. Based on 2010 United States Census Massachusetts House of Representatives' 3rd Plymouth district in the United States is one of 160 legislative districts included in the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court. It covers parts of Norfolk County and Plymouth County.[1] Democrat Joan Meschino of Hull has represented the district since 2017.[2] Towns represented The di...

  Tamarindo rosa Arytera divaricata en el Real Jardín Botánico de SídneyTaxonomíaReino: PlantaeDivisión: MagnoliophytaClase: MagnoliopsidaOrden: SapindalesFamilia: SapindaceaeGénero: AryteraEspecie: A. divaricataF.Muell.Sinonimia Nephelium divaricatum (F.Muell.) Benth. [editar datos en Wikidata] Arytera divaricata, conocida como Coogara, Coogera o Tamarindo rosa (Rose Tamarind) Tamarindo rosa es un árbol común del bosque lluvioso del este de Australia. Es una planta atr...

 

 

Yang Berhormat Tan Sri DatukSenu Abdul Rahman Duta Besar Malaysia di Indonesia 1Masa jabatan1957 – 1962 Informasi pribadiLahir10 Oktober 1919Jitra, KedahMeninggal16 Juni 1995Ampang Jaya, SelangorKebangsaan MalaysiaPartai politikUMNOSuami/istriPuan Sri Fatimah AbdullahAnak6Alma materUniversitas California, Los AngelesSunting kotak info • L • B Tan Sri Senu Abdul Rahman 10 Oktober 1919 – 16 Juni 1995 adalah Diplomatik, Politisi, Menteri Penerangan da...

 

 

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (مارس 2016) التدريب الميداني لطلاب الكلية كلية المدربين التقنيينTechnical Trainers College وتختصر ب TTC وهي كلية لتدريب المدربين ال...

جامعة 6 أكتوبر شعار جامعة 6 أكتوبر معلومات التأسيس 1996  الموقع الجغرافي إحداثيات 29°58′34″N 30°56′55″E / 29.976166666667°N 30.948527777778°E / 29.976166666667; 30.948527777778  المدينة مدينة السادس من أكتوبر  المكان محافظة الجيزة  البلد مصر[1]  سميت باسم مدينة السادس من أكتوبر  �...

 

 

Suratan puniki Wikipédia:Ubuh, suksmanipun nénten wénten suratan liyanan sané madué pranala balik ring suratan puniki. Ngiring dagingin pranala ka suratan puniki saking suratan sané gelah hubungan utawi coba piranti pangrereh pranala. Gunawati MénangSatuaAranGunawati MénangDataNegaraIndonésiaWewidanganBali Satua Gunawati Ménang (aksara Bali: gunawati​menaŋ) inggih punika silih tunggil satua Bali.[1][2] Daging satua Kacerita ada madan I Gunakaya. I Macan muli...

 

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!