Austin J. Tobin Plaza

Austin J. Tobin Plaza
Public square
World Trade Center Plaza, Tobin Plaza
The center of the Austin J. Tobin Plaza, as seen from the air in 1976. The plaza has white flooring, and in the middle is a large bronze circle, elevated on a pedestal, known as The Sphere. The South Tower lobby is at the top of the plaza, and to the right is the base of the North Tower, both of which are part of the World Trade Center complex.
The plaza, as seen in 1976. The Sphere can be seen at the center of the plaza, and Ideogram is visible to the upper right, located between 1 and 2 World Trade Center.
DesignMinoru Yamasaki
Construction1966
Completion1973
Opening dateApril 4, 1973
Destroyed dateSeptember 11, 2001
Cost$12 million (1999 USD)
Area5 acres (220,000 square feet)
Dedicated toAustin J. Tobin
OwnerPort Authority of New York and New Jersey
LocationWorld Trade Center, Lower Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
Coordinates: 40°42′42″N 74°00′45″W / 40.71167°N 74.01250°W / 40.71167; -74.01250

The Austin J. Tobin Plaza, also known as the World Trade Center Plaza, was a large public square that was located on the World Trade Center site from 1966 until its destruction during the September 11 attacks in 2001. It covered 5 acres (220,000 sq ft; 2.0 ha), making it the largest plaza in New York City by acreage at the time.

The plaza opened as part of the original World Trade Center on April 4, 1973, and was renamed after Austin J. Tobin in 1982. Several sculptures were located there, including The Sphere and Ideogram. The plaza was damaged by a car bomb in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, and it was destroyed eight years later in the September 11 attacks.

Design and location

At the center of the plaza was The Sphere, and rows of benches were arranged in a circular pattern around the sculpture. The plaza was made of smooth marble and granite.[1] The plaza was landscaped,[1] and flowerbeds located near the benches were changed out seasonally.[2] A total of 37 staircases led up to the plaza,[3] and a staircase that led up to the plaza from Vesey Street was used to get to the plaza from 7 World Trade Center.[4][5]

A map, showing the World Trade Center complex before its' destruction. Non-detailed shapes make up the buildings. On the top of the complex, located in the center of the map, a downward-facing trapezoid represents 7 World Trade Center. Two squares, opposite and diagonal to each other, form the Twin Towers, and in-between in a semi-straight line that makes up World Trade Center. 4, 5 and 6 World Trade Center are all of similar shape, similar to a sideways-facing L. They surround the plaza. The plaza itself is a parallelogram shape. The complex is highlighted in blue, while buildings in the complex are highlighted in gray. Other buildings in Lower Manhattan are highlighted in faded yellow, and streets are highlighted in light gray.
Bird's-eye view of the World Trade Center site plan. The plaza covered a majority of the complex.

Another building, designed by architectural firm Walker & Gillette, was to be built on the eastern edge of the plaza, but was later cancelled due to sizing issues.[6] Director Gary Beck called the plaza a "naturally perfect performing site" and "accidentally one of the best in America".[7] Author Virginia Dajani also gave remarks on the plaza, stating that it was "considerably larger than the Piazza San Marco in Venice and infinitely less memorable".[8]

The plaza was surrounded by all seven buildings of the World Trade Center Complex. 1 World Trade Center was located on the west-facing side of the plaza adjacent to West Street and 2 World Trade Center was located on the south side of the plaza. Marriott World Trade Center (also known as 3 World Trade Center) was located on the southwestern corner of the plaza in between the towers.[9]

4 World Trade Center, adjacent to the South Tower, was positioned on the southeastern edge of the plaza bounded by Liberty and Church streets.[10] 5 World Trade Center was located directly opposite of 4, bounded by Church and Vesey Street, and 6 World Trade Center was located on the northwestern edge of the plaza bounded by Vesey Street.[9]

7 World Trade Center was located on an adjacent street, and was connected to the plaza via the Vesey Street stairs.[11] The World Financial Center (now known as Brookfield Place)[12] was also adjacent to the plaza's west side.[13] The Millennium Downtown New York Hotel, located on the corner of Fulton Street across the street from the eastern edge of the plaza,[14] was heavily damaged in the September 11 attacks.[9]

History

See also: Construction of the World Trade Center

In early 1961, the plan for the original World Trade Center was released to the public, and the site was to be located along the East River. Due to heavy backlash, that December the project was relocated to a 16-acre (700,000 sq ft; 6.5 ha) plot in Lower Manhattan.[15] The plaza was brought into design in January 1964, when architect Minoru Yamasaki released a model for the complex at a press conference.[15][16] The original plans called for a reflecting pool at the center of the plaza.[16][17] In addition, the plaza would have been accessed through a single large entrance on Church Street to the east.[18] By May 1966, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the site's developer, had revised the plans for the plaza; there would be entrances on all four sides, as well as a 80-foot-wide (24 m) fountain at the center of the plaza.[18]

Development of the plaza began on August 5, 1966, as the construction of other buildings that were part of the World Trade Center took place.[19] The plaza was constructed to be supported by large steel columns that reached into the "Bathtub" below,[20][21] and the foundations for the towers were also built into the plaza. These foundations reached into the bedrock below. The Bathtub, which helped hold the plaza, took up an underground space that reached to the West Side Highway and the 1/9 subway line.[20]

The plaza was inaugurated on April 4, 1973. In 1982, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey decided to rename the plaza in honor of its former executive director,[22] Austin J. Tobin, who promoted the construction of the towers.[23][24]

The plaza was renovated between 1998 and 1999.[1][25] The marble paving stones were replaced with gray and pink granite stones, new benches, planters, restaurants, food kiosks and outdoor eating areas were added. Trees were also planted, and lined the plaza entrances.[26] The total cost was $12 million (1999 USD).[25] The plaza covered 5 acres (220,000 sq ft; 2.0 ha),[2] and was the largest plaza in New York City.[2][27] Below the plaza was the Mall at the World Trade Center and a concourse.[28]

1993 bombing

Main article: 1993 World Trade Center bombing
The garage beneath the plaza, as seen directly after the bombing. It is night outside, and piles of rubble are all over the ground. A fire truck is visible on the top-left, and a crane, sent in to remove debris, is visible on the bottom-left. Hundreds of emergency workers are standing on top of the rubble, looking for survivors and/or clearing debris.
The underground garage below the plaza after the bombing

On February 26, 1993, a van bomb planted by al-Qaeda terrorists was detonated in the underground garage directly under the plaza, killing six and injuring over 1,000. The plaza was heavily damaged, and the communications center near the plaza was destroyed.[29] After the bombing, security was increased at the complex, and fire safety improvements were implemented.[30]

On February 26, 1995, a memorial fountain made of granite was dedicated in the Plaza to honor the victims of the 1993 bombing.[31] The fountain was designed by sculptor Elyn Zimmerman, and placed above the site of the explosion. It included an inscription with the names of the six victims of the attack, as well as a message that read: "On February 26, 1993, a bomb set by terrorists exploded below this site. This horrible act of violence killed innocent people, injured thousands, and made victims of us all."[32]

Security

The plaza was heavily monitored, and security cameras were placed on the rooftops of surrounding buildings to deter a potential terrorist attack. The cameras operated constantly, and more were installed facing the streets adjacent to the plaza. After the 1993 bombing, up to 300 security personnel were at the complex and plaza at any given time.[33] Crowds would often gather in the plaza for various events, although security prevented people from sitting on planters in between the benches that circled the plaza.[34]

Sculptures

Further information: Artwork at the World Trade Center (1973–2001)

Located on the plaza were several sculptures and art pieces.[35] The World Trade Center Plaza Sculpture, designed by Masayuki Nagare, was commissioned in 1970 and was dedicated on the plaza in 1972. The sculpture was composed of a set of two black granite pyramids that were 34 feet long, 17 feet wide and 14 feet high.[36][37] The 1993 World Trade Center Bombing Memorial by Elyn Zimmerman was dedicated in 1995;[38] it was a granite fountain dedicated to the 1993 bombing victims.[39] Fritz Koenig's bronze sculpture The Sphere, measuring 25 feet (7.6 m) high,[40][41] was dedicated in 1972.[42] Ideogram, a stainless-steel sculpture designed by James Rosati, was located on the plaza near the Marriott World Trade Center.[43][44]

Destruction

Main articles: September 11 attacks, Collapse of the World Trade Center, and List of buildings damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks
The plaza, as seen during the September 11 attacks in 2001. The elevated view shows the plaza facing the Marriott World Trade Center, and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 World Trade Center are visible. Debris is falling from the towers onto the plaza, which is strewn with debris. Many of the roofs of other buildings are also strewn with debris.
The plaza during the attacks. Thousands of tons of debris fell from the towers onto the plaza, destroying it.

On September 11, 2001, a terrorist attack unfolded at the World Trade Center site, and the plaza became an evacuation route for civilians attempting to escape the area.[11] Firefighters directed a majority of the people who were evacuating to the mall located beneath the plaza via the lobby in the North Tower.[45] Many people also evacuated the area by using the Vesey Street staircase, which connected the plaza to Vesey Street.[11]

When 1 and 2 World Trade Center collapsed, about 600,000 tons of debris fell onto the plaza. The plaza sustained heavy damage and was destroyed as a result of fires inside of the rubble in the hours after the attack. The Sphere and Cloud Fortress were recovered, but the latter was demolished in recovery efforts at the site.[46] The Sphere is currently located in Liberty Park.[41]

The 1993 bombing memorial was heavily damaged during the September 11 attacks, and only a small segment of the fountain survived.[39] The Sphere was heavily damaged and was relocated to Battery Park in 2002;[47] it was moved to Liberty Park at the World Trade Center site in 2016.[48] The Sphere is the only artwork from the original World Trade Center to survive the September 11 attacks and subsequent recovery effort.[49]

Surrounding buildings and structures

A map, showing the World Trade Center complex before its' destruction. Non-detailed shapes make up the buildings. On the top of the complex, located in the center of the map, a downward-facing trapezoid represents 7 World Trade Center. Two squares, opposite and diagonal to each other, form the Twin Towers, and in-between in a semi-straight line that makes up World Trade Center. 4, 5 and 6 World Trade Center are all of similar shape, similar to a sideways-facing L. They surround the plaza. The plaza itself is a parallelogram shape. The complex is highlighted in blue, while buildings in the complex are highlighted in gray. Other buildings in Lower Manhattan are highlighted in faded yellow, and streets are highlighted in light gray.
Bird's-eye view of the World Trade Center site plan. The plaza covered a majority of the complex.

The plaza was surrounded by all seven buildings of the World Trade Center Complex. 1 World Trade Center was located on the west-facing side of the plaza adjacent to West Street and 2 World Trade Center was located on the south side of the plaza. Marriott World Trade Center (also known as 3 World Trade Center) was located on the southwestern corner of the plaza in between the towers.[50]

4 World Trade Center, adjacent to the South Tower, was positioned on the southeastern edge of the plaza bounded by Liberty and Church streets.[51] 5 World Trade Center was located directly opposite of 4, bounded by Church and Vesey Street, and 6 World Trade Center was located on the northwestern edge of the plaza bounded by Vesey Street.[50]

7 World Trade Center was located on an adjacent street, and was connected to the plaza via the Vesey Street stairs.[11] The World Financial Center (now known as Brookfield Place)[52] was also adjacent to the plaza's west side.[53] The Millennium Downtown New York Hotel, located on the corner of Fulton Street across the street from the eastern edge of the plaza,[54] was heavily damaged in the September 11 attacks.[50]

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c Finkelstein, Katherine E. (June 20, 1999). "From Zen Garden to Piazza, A Plaza Gets a New Look". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c "The World Trade Center In the Port of New York-New Jersey" (PDF). Anthony W. Robins. January 1996. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 3, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  3. ^ "WTC Staircase Moved". ABC30 Fresno. May 22, 2008. Archived from the original on September 24, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  4. ^ "A Vital Escape Route on 9-11, World Trade Center Staircase To Be Moved". Los Angeles Daily News. Associated Press. March 7, 2008. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  5. ^ "About the Museum | National September 11 Memorial & Museum". www.911memorial.org. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  6. ^ Stern, Mellins & Fisherman 1995, p. 200.
  7. ^ Richman, Alan (June 22, 1979). "At World Trade Center, Moliere Alfresco". The New York Times. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
  8. ^ Anderson, Susan Heller; Prial, Frank J. (April 21, 1984). "NEW YORK DAY BY DAY; WALKING TOURS FOR JURORS". The New York Times. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
  9. ^ a b c Barnett, Jonathon; Gewain, Richard; Gilsanz, Ramon; Nelson, Harold "Bud". "WTC4, 5 & 6" (PDF). FEMA. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  10. ^ Gillespie 1999, p. 213: "... Four World Trade Center, at the southeast corner of the complex, is New York's headquarters for commodities trading."
  11. ^ a b c d Dunlap, David W. (January 17, 2008). "Extracting Survivors' Stairway for a Home at the 9/11 Museum". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 17, 2024. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  12. ^ "Brookfield Place: Best NYC Destination for Shopping & Dining". Brookfield Place New York | BFPL. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  13. ^ "The World Financial Center | Wired New York". Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  14. ^ Collins, Glenn (March 28, 2003). "Back to work, family at Ground Zero; Hotel Employees Reunite After 9/11 Joblessness". The New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
  15. ^ a b "World Trade Center (1942–2002) | American Experience | PBS". www.pbs.org. Archived from the original on September 3, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  16. ^ a b Stengren, Bernard (January 19, 1964). "Biggest Buildings in World to Rise at Trade Center; Twin 1,350‐Foot Towers to Be Surrounded by Plaza With Small Structures;". The New York Times. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
  17. ^ Kwartler, Richard (January 20, 1964). "Twin Towers Due to Put 'Empire State in Shade". Newsday. p. 4. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 913614918.
  18. ^ a b "Design is Revised for Trade Center; Architects Refine Plans, but Make No Major Changes". The New York Times. May 22, 1966. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
  19. ^ "World Trade Center, New York City, detail view of model of the plaza". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  20. ^ a b Hamburger, Ronald; Baker, William; Barnett, Jonathon; Marrion, Christopher; Milke, James; Nelson, Harold "Bud" (2002). "WTC1 and WTC2" (PDF). FEMA. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  21. ^ Buyukozturk, Oral; Ulm, Franz-Josef (2021). "Materials and structures" (PDF). MIT. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  22. ^ "World Trade Center (1942–2002) | American Experience | PBS". www.pbs.org. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  23. ^ Gillespie 1999, p. 123.
  24. ^ "Bench, Recovered". 9/11 Memorial & Museum. 2019. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  25. ^ a b Moritz, Owen (June 20, 1999). "Grand Opening of Plaza at WTC". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  26. ^ Dunlap, David W. (December 7, 2006). "At New Trade Center, Seeking Lively (but Secure) Streets". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  27. ^ "World Trade Center Facts and Figures | National September 11 Memorial & Museum". www.911memorial.org. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  28. ^ "Land Use, Public Policy, and Neighborhood Character (Chapter 4C)" (PDF). NYDOT. September 30, 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  29. ^ Langewiesche, William (August 2002). "American Ground: Unbuilding the World Trade Center". Atlantic Monthly. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  30. ^ Smith, Sandy (September 10, 2004). "Report: 1993 WTC Bombing Probably Saved Lives On 9/11". EHS Today. Archived from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  31. ^ "9/11 Memorial Timeline". timeline.911memorial.org. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  32. ^ "1993 WTC Bombing Memorial | Voices Center for Resilience". voicescenter.org. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2023.
  33. ^ Fischbach, Amy Florence (March 2001). "Towering Security". Electrical Construction & Maintenance. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  34. ^ Hyatt, James C. (October 3, 1980). "What Makes a Public Place Pleasant for People?". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
  35. ^ "Art and Artists at the World Trade Center | National September 11 Memorial & Museum". www.911memorial.org. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  36. ^ Canaday, John (May 7, 1970). "Trade Center to Get Huge Sculpture". The New York Times. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
  37. ^ Wenegrat, Saul (February 28, 2002). "September 11th: Art Loss, Damage, and Repercussions – Proceedings of an IFAR Symposium on February 28, 2002". ifar.org. International Foundation For Art Research. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
  38. ^ "NYC Bombing Memorial Dedicated". The Ithaca Journal. May 26, 1995. p. 4. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
  39. ^ a b Carbonell, Bettina Messias (2012). Museum Studies: An Anthology of Contexts. Wiley. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-4051-7381-0. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  40. ^ Adlon, Percy (2001). "Koenig's Sphere". Leora Films, Inc. Archived from the original on September 28, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  41. ^ a b del Valle, Lauren (July 22, 2016). "World Trade Center sphere to come home". CNN. Archived from the original on September 3, 2024. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  42. ^ Klein, Holger A. (December 1972). "From Ganslberg to Manhattan, Fritz Koenig's Great Caryatid Sphere N.Y. (1967–1972)" (PDF). Columbia Art & History. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  43. ^ Wenegrat, Saul (February 28, 2002). "September 11th: Art Loss, Damage, and Repercussions – Proceedings of an IFAR Symposium on February 28, 2002". ifar.org. International Foundation For Art Research. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
  44. ^ Quay, Sara E.; Damico, Amy M. (2010). September 11 in Popular Culture: A Guide: A Guide. United States of America: ABC-CLIO. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-313-35505-9. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  45. ^ Fritsch, Jane (September 12, 2001). "A Day of Terror: the Response; Rescue Workers Rush In, And Many Do Not Return". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  46. ^ Corkill, Edan (September 13, 2007). "Memories of fortresses and clouds". Japan Times. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
  47. ^ Hargittai, I.; Hargittai, M. (2017). New York Scientific: A Culture of Inquiry, Knowledge, and Learning. Oxford University Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-19-876987-3. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
  48. ^ Dunlap, David W. (July 21, 2016). "Enduring 'Sphere' Sculpture to Return to World Trade Center Site". The New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  49. ^ Blakemore, Erin (August 22, 2017). "The World Trade Center's Only Surviving Art Heads Home". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  50. ^ a b c Barnett, Jonathon; Gewain, Richard; Gilsanz, Ramon; Nelson, Harold "Bud". "WTC4, 5 & 6" (PDF). FEMA. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  51. ^ Gillespie 1999, p. 213: "... Four World Trade Center, at the southeast corner of the complex, is New York's headquarters for commodities trading."
  52. ^ "Brookfield Place: Best NYC Destination for Shopping & Dining". Brookfield Place New York | BFPL. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  53. ^ "The World Financial Center | Wired New York". Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  54. ^ Collins, Glenn (March 28, 2003). "Back to work, family at Ground Zero; Hotel Employees Reunite After 9/11 Joblessness". The New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2024.

Sources

Read other articles:

USS Chewink (AM-39)

Minesweeper of the United States Navy For other ships with the same name, see USS Chewink. History United States NameUSS Chewink BuilderTodd Shipyard Corp., New York City Launched21 December 1918 Commissioned9 April 1919, as Minesweeper No.39 Decommissioned21 August 1933 Reclassified AM-39, 17 July 1920 ASR-3, 12 September 1929 Recommissioned12 November 1940 Decommissioned4 February 1947 FateSunk as a target off New London, 31 July 1947 General characteristics Class and typeLapwing-class mine...

 

Магнітний (Курська область)

робітниче селище Магнітний Магнитный Країна  Росія Суб'єкт Російської Федерації Курська область Муніципальний район Желєзногорський район Поселення посёлок Магнитный Код ЗКАТУ: 38210560000 Код ЗКТМО: 38610160051 Основні дані Населення ▼ 1516 Поштовий індекс 307147 Телефонний код +...

 

Limited partnership

Form of partnership For the 2014 film, see Limited Partnership (film). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Limited partnership – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)This article is part of a series onCorporate law By jurisdict...

 

Smithycroft Secondary School

Secondary school in Glasgow City, Scotland, UK This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Smithycroft Secondary School – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Smithycroft Secondary School is located in Riddrie, Glasgow, Scotland....

 

Royal free city

Cities in the Kingdom of Hungary This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Royal free city – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Royal free city or free royal city (Latin: libera regia civitas) was the official term for the most im...

 

Escola de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal de São Paulo

Escola de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas Escola de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal de São Paulo EFLCH Tipo de instituição Pública Localização Guarulhos, São Paulo,  Brasil Diretor(a) Magali Aparecida Silvestre Vice-diretor(a) Janes Jorge Graduação 2974 Pós-graduação 680 Página oficial unifesp.br/campus/gua Parede na EFLCH - Escola de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas. Unifesp Campus Guarulhos Interior do prédio central do Campus Guar...

 

Classic RISC pipeline

Instruction pipeline This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) In the history of computer hardware, some early reduced instruction set computer central processing units (RISC CPUs) used a very similar architectural solution, now called a classic RISC pipeline. Those CPUs were: MIPS, SPA...

 

Indonesia Soccer Championship A

Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Indonesia Soccer Championship A – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Indonesia Soccer Championship ANegara IndonesiaDibentuk2016Musim perdana2016Dibubarkan2017Jumlah tim18Tingkat pada...

 

Air Forces Panama

USAF Southern Air Division830th Air Division Cessna OA-37 and Cessna O-2A over Honduras in 1984Active1976–1992Country United States PanamaBranch United States Air ForceRoleCommand of regional air forcesPart ofTactical Air CommandDecorationsAir Force Outstanding Unit AwardAir Force Organizational Excellence AwardInsigniaAir Forces Panama emblem (Approved for Southern Air Division)[1][note 1]Military unit Air Forces Panama is an inactive United States Air F...

 

Free Java implementations

Free Java implementations are software projects that implement Oracle's Java technologies and are distributed under free software licences, making them free software. Sun released most of its Java source code as free software in May 2007, so it can now almost be considered a free Java implementation.[1] Java implementations include compilers, runtimes, class libraries, etc. Advocates of free and open source software refer to free or open source Java virtual machine software as free ru...

 

Jacobs Entertainment

Jacobs Entertainment, Inc.IndustryGamingEntertainment HospitalityFounderJeffrey JacobsHeadquartersGolden, Colorado, U.S.Key people Jeffrey Jacobs, Chairman & CEOProductsCasinosHotels Entertainment RestaurantsWebsitejacobsentertainmentinc.com Jacobs Entertainment, Inc. is a Gaming, Hospitality, and Entertainment company based in Golden, Colorado.[1] History The company was formed by Cleveland real estate developer and former Ohio state representative Jeffrey Jacobs.[2][...

 

Android Pie

Ninth major version of the Android mobile operating system Android PieVersion of the Android operating systemScreenshotAndroid Pie home screen with Pixel LauncherDeveloperGoogleGeneralavailabilityAugust 6, 2018; 5 years ago (2018-08-06)Final release9.0.0_r76 (PSV1.210329.021)[1] / January 4, 2022; 23 months ago (2022-01-04)Final previewP Beta 4 / Developer Preview 5 (PPP5.180610.010) / August 25, 2018; 5 years ago (2018-08-25)Kerne...

 

Iliana Rocha

American poet and writer from Texas This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (December 2018) Rocha speaking at the 2019 Creative Writing Program at Arizona State University Iliana Rocha is an American poet and writer from Texas. Her debut collection, Karankawa (2015), won an AWP Donald Hall Prize for Poetry and a Society of Midland Authors Award.[1] Iliana Rocha's work...

 

Pasar pagi

Pasar Keputran di Surabaya, Jawa Timur. Pasar pagi adalah jenis pasar tradisional di Indonesia dan Malaysia yang buka di pagi hari. Pasar ini kadang juga disebut sebagai pasar basah.[1][2][3][4] Jam buka Pasar pagi umumnya buka dari pagi hingga siang hari. Sedangkan pasar yang buka di malam hari disebut pasar malam. Pasar pagi biasanya buka pada pukul 04.00 pagi hingga 12.00 siang.[5] Dagangan Barang yang diperdagangkan pada pasar pagi biasanya mencakup...

 

Acceptable Risk (novel)

Novel by Robin Cook This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Acceptable Risk novel – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Acceptable Risk First edition (US)AuthorRobin CookCover artistOne Plus One StudioDon BraughtigamCountryUnited State...

 

Clayton Park, Nova Scotia

Clayton Park West redirects here. For the provincial electoral district, see Clayton Park West (electoral district). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Clayton Park, Nova Scotia – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Communi...

 

丹尼斯·哈斯特尔特

丹尼斯·哈斯特尔特Dennis Hastert 美國第51任眾議院議長任期1999年1月6日—2007年1月3日前任紐特·金里奇继任南希·佩洛西 美國众议院共和党会议領袖任期1999年1月6日—2007年1月3日前任紐特·金里奇继任約翰·博納 美國眾議院共和黨首席副黨鞭任期1995年1月3日—1999年1月3日领袖紐特·金里奇前任鮑伯·沃克（英语：Bob Walker (Pennsylvania politician)）继任罗伊·布伦特 美國...

 

Van Oekel's Discohoek

Van Oekel's Discohoek Van Oekel's Discohoek Genre Popmuziekkomedie Speelduur variërend van 27 tot 39 minuten Presentatie Sjef van Oekel (Dolf Brouwers) Regie Wim T. SchippersEllen JensWim van der Linden Land van oorsprong  Nederland Taal Nederlands Uitzendingen Start 30 mei 1974 Einde 29 april 1975 Afleveringen 12 Netwerk of omroep VPRO Zender Publieke omroep (en) IMDb-profiel Portaal    Televisie Van Oekel's Discohoek was een televisieprogramma dat van 30 mei 1974 tot en met ...

 

Frederica of Hanover

Queen of Greece from 1947 to 1964 For other people called Princess Frederica of Hanover, see Princess Frederica (disambiguation). You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (April 2016) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessa...

 

Hijacker (comics)

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged,...