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Apple Pascal
	Apple Pascal for Apple II, version 1.2
Developer	Apple Computer
OS family	UCSD Pascal
Working state	Historic
Source model	Closed source
Initial release	August 1979; 45 years ago
Latest release	1.3 (Apple II); 1.1 (Apple III) / 1984; 40 years ago
Kernel type	Monolithic
License	Apple Software License Agreement

Apple Pascal is an implementation of Pascal for the Apple II and Apple III computer series, based on UCSD Pascal.^[2] Just like other UCSD Pascal implementations, it ran on its own operating system (Apple Pascal Operating System,^[3] a derivative of UCSD p-System with graphical extensions).

Originally released for the Apple II in August 1979, just after Apple DOS 3.2, Apple Pascal pioneered a number of features that would later be incorporated into DOS 3.3, as well as others that would not be seen again until the introduction of ProDOS.

The Apple Pascal software package also included disk maintenance utilities,^[4] and an assembler^[5] meant to complement Apple's built-in "monitor" assembler. A FORTRAN compiler (written by Silicon Valley Software of Sunnyvale, California) compiling to the same p-code as Pascal was also available.^[6]

Comparison of Pascal OS with DOS 3.2

Apple Pascal Operating System introduced a new disk format.^[7] Instead of dividing the disk into 256-byte sectors as in DOS 3.2, Apple Pascal divides it into "blocks" of 512 bytes each.^[8] The p-System also introduced a different method for saving and retrieving files. Under Apple DOS, files were saved to any available sector that the OS could find, regardless of location. Over time, this could lead to file system fragmentation, slowing access to the disk. Apple Pascal attempted to rectify this by saving only to consecutive blocks on the disk.^[9]

Other innovations introduced in the file system included the introduction of a timestamp feature. Previously only a file's name, basic type, and size would be shown. Disks could also be named for the first time.^[10]

Limitations of the p-System included new restrictions on the naming of files.^[11] Writing files only on consecutive blocks also created problems, because over time free space tended to become too fragmented to store new files. A utility called KRUNCH was included in the package to consolidate free space.^[12]

The biggest problem with the Apple Pascal system was that it was too big to fit on one floppy disk. This meant that on a system with only one floppy disk drive, frequent disk swapping was needed. A system needed at least two disk drives in order to use the operating system properly.

Release history

Platform	Date	OS
Apple II	1979	Apple Pascal 1.0
	1980	Apple Pascal 1.1
	1983	Apple Pascal 1.2
	1985	Apple Pascal 1.3
Apple III	1981^[13]	Apple Pascal 1.0
	1983^[14]	Apple Pascal 1.1

Sources

Apple (1980). Apple II Pascal Operating System Reference Manual (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-30. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
Apple (1981). Apple III Pascal - Introduction, Filer and Editor (PDF). Retrieved September 12, 2018.
Apple (1983). Apple III Update 1.1 (PDF). Retrieved September 12, 2018.
Hyde, Randall (1984). p-Source: Guide to Apple Pascal System. Brady. ISBN 978-0835954105.

Notes

^ "Apple II Pascal - apple2info.net: Apple II Information". Archived from the original on April 30, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
^ Apple 1980, p. 248
^ Apple 1980, p. 2
^ Apple 1980, p. 183
^ Apple 1980, p. 134
^ "Apple Fortran Language Reference Manual" (PDF).
^ Apple Pascal was designed to take advantage of the then new 140K 5.25" floppy disks.
^ Apple 1980, p. 25
^ Apple 1981, p. 162
^ Under Apple DOS, disks can only be given a volume number. Apple Pascal disk volume names can be up to seven characters in length. See Apple 1980, p. 27
^ Apple DOS allowed filenames up to thirty characters long and any ASCII character could be used, Apple Pascal dropped the length to fifteen characters and allowed only letters, numbers and periods to be used. See Apple 1980, p. 30
^ Apple 1980, p. 49
^ Apple 1981, p. I
^ Apple 1983, p. I