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Apothecaries' Hall Act 1791
Apothecaries' Hall Act 1791
Act of Parliament
	Parliament of Ireland
Long title	An Act for the more effectually preserving the Health of His Majesty's Subjects, for erecting an Apothecary's Hall in the City of Dublin, and regulating the Profession of an Apothecary throughout the Kingdom of Ireland.
Citation	31 Geo. 3. c. 34 (I)
Dates
Royal assent	5 May 1791
Revised text of statute as amended

The Governor and Company of
The Apothecaries' Hall
of the City of Dublin
	Coat of Arms
Location	Royal College of Physicians of Ireland; Kildare Street, Dublin 2; (since 2011)
Date of formation	1446 (Guild of St Mary Magdalene), ; 1747 (Guild of St Luke), ; 1791 (Company of Apothecaries' Hall)
Company association	Medicine and pharmacy
Master of company	(Governor) Dr Peadar O'Mórdha LAH
Website	Apothecaries' Hall, Dublin

The Apothecaries' Hall of Ireland is one of only two extant successors of a medieval Dublin guild. Apothecaries in Dublin were first organized as members of the 1446 Guild of Barbers, with St Mary Magdelene as the patron saint. In 1747, Apothecaries formed their own guild, with St Luke as the patron. In 1791, the Company of Apothecaries’ Hall was formed for the purposes of building their own Hall and regulating practitioners throughout Ireland. Although the Company ceased licensing doctors in 1971, it continues to exist as a charitable organisation. The Company of Apothecaries’ Hall now shares premises with the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland on Kildare Street, Dublin.

History

Guild of St Mary Magdelene

Early apothecaries in Dublin were members of the Guild of Barbers. The patron of the guild was St Mary Magdelene. The Barbers’ Guild was founded in 1446 by a charter of Henry VI (25 Henry VI) (the earliest royal or secular medical foundation in Britain or Ireland, before equivalent civic establishments by the City of Edinburgh in 1505, and by the City of London in 1462), and it was united with Surgeons in 1576 by a charter of Elizabeth I (19 Eliz. I) (Barbers and Surgeons were united in London in 1540, by an act of Parliament^[1]).

The Guild of St Mary Magdelene of Barbers, Surgeons, Apothecaries and Periwig-makers was 4th in the guilds' order of precedence and had four members on Common Council of the City of Dublin.^[2]

Guild of St Luke

The Apothecaries separated from the Barber-Surgeons in 1747, by a royal charter of George II of 1745 (20 Geo. II). The patron of the new Apothecaries’ Guild was St Luke the Evangelist, and the Guild of St Luke was 25th in precedence, with two members on the Common Council of Dublin Corporation. (The Barbers’ representation on the Common Council dropped from four to two members when the Apothecaries seceded).

The guild colours (established in 1767) were purple and orange.^[2]^[3] (These may have been a variation of the gold/blue livery colours of the London Worshipful Society of Apothecaries – which had seceded from the London Grocers’ Company in 1617 – and the crest of which – a rhinoceros – appears to also have been adopted by the Dublin guild.)^[4]^[5]

Company of Apothecaries' Hall

In 1791, by an act of Parliament, the Apothecaries' Hall Act 1791 (31 Geo. 3. c. 34 (I)),^[6] the Company of Apothecaries' Hall was established following a petition from the Master, Wardens and Commonality of the Corporation of Apothecaries (the Guild of St Luke) and other apothecaries of the City of Dublin (as "The Governor and Company of the Apothecaries' Hall of the City of Dublin"). The purpose of the new company was primarily to raise a fund to erect a Hall, but also to prevent "frauds and abuses" so that from thereon there might be a single "...company or fraternity of judicious apothecaries...". The Company had jurisdiction over the whole Kingdom of Ireland. The company – although the governance, structure and membership would have been practically the same – was an entity independent of the guild.

As noted in the act, the first governor was Henry Hunt (1707-1796), who had previously been appointed the first State Apothecary (1784).^[7] He was born at Curragh Chase according to Burke's, the son of John "of Glangoole" Hunt and Margaret Bowles, his second wife.^[8]

Amongst the principal duties of the company from its foundation was to examine candidates and qualify them to trade as an apothecary. A licence from Apothecaries' Hall (LAH) became a registrable qualification when the General Medical Council was established as the regulator of medical practitioners in 1858, confirming that holders of the qualification practised medicine.^[9]^[2] The company continued to license doctors until 1971^[3] when the General Medical Council and the Medical Registration Council of Ireland ceased to recognise qualifications from Apothecaries' Hall. Since an Act of Parliament established the hall, legislation would also be needed to close it.^[5]

Although it cannot exercise its original functions of teaching, qualifying and regulating medical practitioners, The Company of Apothecaries’ Hall continues to the present day as one of only two direct extant successors of a medieval Dublin guild. It operates as a fraternal and charitable organisation, issuing licenses only to already-qualified practitioners from all fields of medicine. Occasionally, Honorary Licences (HonLAH) are awarded to prominent medical figures. The other extant successor of a Dublin Guild is the Company of Goldsmiths (similarly a successor to the medieval Guild of All Saints) which still runs the Dublin Assay Office.^[3]^[10]

Guildhalls and Premises

The Guild of St Luke met at the Three Stags’ Heads Tavern on Eustace Street, Dublin.^[2]

In 1791, Apothecaries' Hall was erected at 40 Mary Street, at a cost of £6,000. The hall contained a spacious chemical laboratory where medicines were prepared. Lectures were delivered at the hall, and part of it was also a wholesale warehouse, where the apothecaries could procure their materials.

In 1837, the medical school of the Apothecaries’ Hall was established in Cecilia Street, Dublin, which received the necessary recognition from the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.^[11]^[12] In 1854, the buildings and contents were purchased for £1,500 in the name of Andrew Ellis FRCSI, Professor of Surgery in the School of Apothecaries' Hall at Cecilia Street, and a Catholic, to form the Catholic University Medical School which opened in 1855.^[13]

In 1923, Apothecaries’ Hall moved to 95 Merrion Square, which was sold in 2011. The Company of Apothecaries’ Hall is now housed by the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland at its premises on Kildare Street.^[5]

External links

^ https://barberscompany.org/history-of-the-company/
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Webb, John J (1929). The Guilds of Dublin. London: Ernest Benn.
^ ^a ^b ^c Clark, Mary; Refausee, Raymond (1993). Directory of Historic Dublin Guilds. Dublin: Dublin Public Libraries. ISBN 0-94684-1438.
^ "Worshipful Society of Apothecaries".
^ ^a ^b ^c Wheelock, Harriet (October 2011). "Apothecaries' Hall of Ireland: ACC/2011/3" (PDF). Royal College of Physicians of Ireland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2014.
^ "Apothecaries' Hall Act, 1791". www.irishstatutebook.ie. electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB). Retrieved 10 September 2024.
^ Cameron, C. A. (1916). History of the Royal College of Surgeons (PDF). Dublin: Fannin and Company.
^ Burke's Landed Gentry of Ireland. 1912. p. 343.
^ Newenham, George (1825). An Historical Guide to the city of Dublin.
^ Widdess, J. D. H. (1984). The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and its Medical School, 1784-1984 (3rd ed.). Dublin: Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Publications Department. p. 4.
^ "Urban Outfitters, 4 Cecilia Street, Dublin 2, DUBLIN". Buildings of Ireland. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
^ Barr, Colin (2003). Paul Cullin, John Henry Newman and the Catholic University of Ireland 1845-1865. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0-85244-594-6.
^ Fleetwood, John F. (1983). The History of Medicine in Ireland. Dublin: The Skellig Press.