Antiprotozoal

Antiprotozoal agents (ATC code: ATC P01) is a class of pharmaceuticals used in treatment of protozoan infection.

A paraphyletic group, protozoans have little in common with each other. For example, Entamoeba histolytica, a unikont eukaryotic organism, is more closely related to Homo sapiens (humans), which also belongs to the unikont phylogenetic group, than it is to Naegleria fowleri, a "protozoan" bikont. As a result, agents effective against one pathogen may not be effective against another.^{[citation needed]}

Antiprotozoal agents can be grouped by mechanism^[1] or by organism.^[2] Recent papers have also proposed the use of viruses to treat infections caused by protozoa.^[3][4]

Overuse or misuse of antiprotozoals can lead to the development of antiprotozoal resistance.^[5]

Medical uses

Antiprotozoals are used to treat protozoal infections, which include amebiasis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, microsporidiosis, malaria, babesiosis, trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and toxoplasmosis.^[6] Currently, many of the treatments for these infections are limited by their toxicity.^[7]

Outdated terminology

Protists were once considered protozoans, but of late the categorization of unicellar organisms has undergone rapid development, however in literature, including scientific, there tends to persist the usage of the term antiprotozoal when they really mean anti-protist. Protists are a supercategory of eukaryota which includes protozoa.

Mechanism

The mechanisms of antiprotozoal drugs differ significantly drug to drug. For example, it appears that eflornithine, a drug used to treat trypanosomiasis, inhibits ornithine decarboxylase, while the aminoglycoside antibiotic/antiprotozoals used to treat leishmaniasis are thought to inhibit protein synthesis.^[8]

Examples

• Eflornithine
• Furazolidone
• Hydroxychloroquine
• Melarsoprol
• Metronidazole
• Nifursemizone
• Nitazoxanide
• Ornidazole
• Paromomycin sulfate
• Pentamidine
• Pyrimethamine
• Quinapyramine
• Ronidazole
• Tinidazole

References

1. Cynthia R. L. Webster (15 June 2001). Clinical pharmacology. Teton NewMedia. pp. 86–. ISBN 978-1-893441-37-8. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
2. Anthony J. Trevor; Bertram G. Katzung; Susan B. Masters (11 December 2007). Katzung & Trevor's pharmacology: examination & board review. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 435–. ISBN 978-0-07-148869-3. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
3. Keen, E. C. (2013). "Beyond phage therapy: Virotherapy of protozoal diseases". Future Microbiology. 8 (7): 821–823. doi:10.2217/FMB.13.48. PMID 23841627.
4. Hyman, P.; Atterbury, R.; Barrow, P. (2013). "Fleas and smaller fleas: Virotherapy for parasite infections". Trends in Microbiology. 21 (5): 215–220. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2013.02.006. PMID 23540830.
5. Ouellette, Marc (November 2001). "Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in parasites". Tropical Medicine and International Health. 6 (11): 874–882. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00777.x. ISSN 1360-2276. PMID 11703841.
6. Khaw, M; Panosian, C B (1 July 1995). "Human antiprotozoal therapy: past, present, and future". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 8 (3): 427–439. doi:10.1128/CMR.8.3.427. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 174634. PMID 7553575.
7. Graebin, C.; Uchoa, F.; Bernardes, L.; Campo, V.; Carvalho, I.; Eifler-Lima, V. (1 October 2009). "Antiprotozoal Agents: An Overview". Anti-Infective Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 8 (4): 345–366. doi:10.2174/187152109789760199. ISSN 1871-5214.
8. CREEK, DARREN J.; BARRETT, MICHAEL P. (9 January 2017). "Determination of antiprotozoal drug mechanisms by metabolomics approaches". Parasitology. 141 (1): 83–92. doi:10.1017/S0031182013000814. ISSN 0031-1820. PMC 3884841. PMID 23734876.