Ancient synagogues in Israel

This article is about ancient synagogues in the modern State of Israel. For geographically wider category, see Ancient synagogues in Palestine.

Ruins of the ancient synagogue in Kafr Bir'im in the Galilee.

Ancient synagogues in Israel refers to synagogues located in Israel built by communities of Jews and Samaritans from antiquity to the Early Islamic period.

The designation of ancient synagogues in Israel requires careful definition. Many ancient synagogues have been discovered in archaeological digs. Some synagogues have been destroyed and rebuilt several times on the same site, so, while the site or congregation may be ancient, the building may be modern.

Archaeologists have uncovered many remains of synagogues from over two thousand years ago, including several that were in use before the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. Synagogues securely dated to before the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem include the two synagogues from Migdal, the White Synagogue at Capernaum,^[1] the synagogue at Khirbet Umm el-Umdan, and the small synagogue at the top of Masada. The Theodotos inscription from Jerusalem is usually considered to have come from a synagogue of the Second Temple period, although the associated building has not been discovered.

Numerous inscriptions have been found in the ancient synagogues in Israel the vast majority, c.140, of these are in Aramaic, with another c.50 in Greek and only a few in Hebrew.^[2]

Modi'in synagogue (2nd century BCE)

Discovered at Umm el-Umdan, a site between Modi'in and Latrun, is the oldest synagogue within modern Israel that has been found to date, which existed between the end of the 2nd and the late 1st century BCE, during the Hasmonean period.^[3] It was rebuilt in the late 1st century BCE during the Herodian period.^[3][4] This second phase includes a nearby mikve, additional to the preserved sitting bath in the courtyard, which existed already during the first phase.^[3]

For the nearby Qiryat Sefer/Modi'in Illit synagogue (1st century BCE) at Khirbet Badd 'Isa, Ascent of Beth-Horon, see here and here.

Nabratein/Naburiya synagogue

Main article: Nabratein synagogue

Naburiya was a Jewish village in the Galilee during the First and Second Temple periods. Neburaya is believed to be identical with Nabratein, a location north of Safed where Eleazar of Modi'im and Jacob of Kfar Neburaya, a compiler of the Haggadah, are buried.^[5]

The remains of the Nabratein synagogue, discovered in archaeological excavations, indicate that it is one of the oldest in the Galilee.^{[clarification needed]} The original synagogue was enlarged during the third century and destroyed in an earthquake in 363 CE. In 564, the synagogue was rebuilt. The date is known from the inscription over the main door, now displayed at the Israel Museum: "Built four hundred and ninety four years after the destruction of the Temple under the leadership of Hanina ben Lizar and Luliana bar Yuden" (70+494=564). The second-phase building stood until 640 CE. The façade was partially reconstructed by the Jewish National Fund and the Israel Antiquities Authority.^[6]

Synagogues rebuilt on ancient sites

Several synagogues in Israel are located on the sites of far older synagogue buildings but, because the older buildings were destroyed by non-Jewish rulers of the city, the present buildings are reconstructions.^{[citation needed]}

Ancient synagogue sites

A Anim Arbel Ashkelon Assaliyye B Bar'am Beit Alfa Beit Guvrin Beit Shean Beit She'arim (Roman-era Jewish village) Belvoir C Capernaum Caphra Chorazin D Dabura Dabiyye Danna E Ed-Dikke Ein Gedi Ein HaNetziv G Gush Halav

H Hammat Tiberias Horvat Ammudim/Umm el-'Amed[7] Huldah Horvat 'Ethri (aka Itri) Horvat Kishor, Southern Hebron Hills[8] Hurvat Sumaqa Huqoq Huseifa[9] J Japhia/Japha[10] K Kanaf Kefar Fahma Kafr Kanna Khirbet Rib Khirbet Shema Khirbet Wadi Hamam Katzrin ancient village and synagogue M Maon (distinct from Tell Maon) Maoz Chaim Masada Meron Meroth, later Marus; in Upper Galilee, Jewish, Late Roman and/or Byzantnine, in military zone, Coordinates: 33°01′54″N 35°31′50″E[11][12] Migdal N Nabratein

P Peki'in Q Qision Qiyuma R Rehob Rimmon S Sasa Sifsula Shura T Tell Maon (distinct from Maon Synagogue) Tel Rekhesh, Nahal Tavor (1st-2nd c. CE) Tirat Zvi Tzippori Y Yafa: see Japhia Yesud HaMa'ala Yodefat Z Zumeimira

See also

• Ancient synagogues in Palestine covers modern Israel, West Bank, Gaza, Golan Heights, and Transjordan
• Archaeology of Israel

References

1. "Capernaum Synagogue - Madain Project (en)". madainproject.com.
2. Rachel Hachlili (4 October 2013). Ancient Synagogues - Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research. BRILL. pp. 517–. ISBN 978-90-04-25772-6. The majority of the inscriptions revealed in synagogues in the land of israel are in aramaic (about 140). There are, in addition , a few Hebrew inscriptions and about fifty Greek inscriptions
3. Hachlili, Rachel (2013). "1.6: Modi'in–Hurvat el-Umdan". Ancient Synagogues - Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research. BRILL. p. 34. ISBN 978-9004257726. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
4. Israel Antiquities Authority
5. Solomon Schechter & M. Seligsohn, "Jacob of Kefar Neburaya" at Jewish Encyclopedia. Re-accessed 4 June 2024.
6. "Naburiya Synagogue and Nitzana Farm", Yaakov Skolnik for YNetNews, 10 April 2007. Re-accessed 4 June 2024.
7. "Ammudim". The Bornblum Eretz Israel Synagogues website. Kinneret College on the Sea of Galilee. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
8. "Kishor". The Bornblum Eretz Israel Synagogues website. Kinneret College on the Sea of Galilee. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
9. Ancient Mosaic Pavements: Themes, Issues, and Trends: Selected Studies
10. "Japhia". The Bornblum Eretz Israel Synagogues website. Kinneret College on the Sea of Galilee. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
11. Meroth at The Bornblum Eretz Israel Synagogues Website
12. Marot (sic!) at Wkimapia