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Alcohol is the most frequently used drug by residents living in all isolated, remote and rural regions in Australia.^[1] Alcohol consumption is particularly misused by individuals in these areas due to numerous factors distinctive of rural Australia.^[1] These factors consist of the reduced access to education and health care professionals with alcohol treatment services, leading to higher rates of unemployment and economic disadvantage.^[1] These characteristics promote increased levels of disease, injury and death as a result of the high alcohol-related harms that are substantial in rural communities across Australia.^[1]

Consumption

The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare states that 80% of Australians regularly consume alcohol.^[1] In Australia, a third of the population live in remote and rural areas, where a proportion of these adults engage in risk-taking behaviours such as excessive alcohol misuse which is significantly higher than in major cities of Australia.^[1] In 2010, the National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS) reported 78% of regional Australia is consuming alcoholic beverages at extremely high-risk levels in which are harmful for life.^[1] Unlike in major cities, only 19% of people are drinking alcohol at these life harming levels.^[1]

The 2011 Australian Burden of Disease Study noted adults in rural and isolated regions are 1.4 times more probable to surpass the recommended amount of consuming alcohol in Australia, contrasting to adults living in major Australian cities.^[2] The study also found that alcohol use in rural Australia significantly contributes to the overall Australian disease burden by 5.1%.^[2] This is because alcohol consumption in Australia is correlated with pleasure and celebration, but in remote regions there's a limited variety of venues to socialise at, allowing for residents to engage in excessive drinking.^[1] Men and young adults residing in rural communities are particularly liable to consume alcohol at high-risk levels due to them experiencing boredom at a higher rate, leading them to excessively drink.^[1]

The prevalence of drought in Australia and the pressure of rising farm debt drives many farmers to drink as a form of self-medication.^[3]

Indigenous alcohol consumption

Indigenous Australians in rural and isolated regions are the most susceptible to consuming disproportionate amounts of alcoholic drinks. Alcohol abuse is fueling high rates of domestic violence and youth crime in Indigenous communities.^[4] As two-thirds of the population in remote Australia are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, these individuals are 1.5 times more likely to consuming alcohol at a risk-taking level.^[1] This is as a result of numerous factors such as the “disconnection to culture, traditions and country, social exclusion, discrimination and isolation, trauma, poverty, and lack of adequate access to services”.^[5] These factors further contribute to their low socio-economic status, which impacts the ability for young Indigenous people to access quality education. Without an education, young Indigenous Australians have limited opportunities for employment, and therefore are substantially influenced by their low socio-economic families to engage in risk-taking behaviour. However, in 2014 and 2015 the NATSISS discovered a decline by 4% in rural Indigenous people older than 15 years exceeding the guidelines for risky consumption of alcohol since 2008.^[5] This decline was primarily due to the fact that people in urban areas were also reducing their large amount of alcohol consumption.^[5]

More recently, in 2016 the NDSHS found that 1 in 5 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders drank “11 or more standard drinks at least once a month”, which was 2.8 times the level of consumption for non-Indigenous Australians.^[5] These excessive levels of drinking therefore are associated with numerous consequences such as chronic health conditions like coronary heart disease, cancer and diabetes, along with increasing levels of violence, assault, suicide and road accidents.^[6] These “poorer health outcomes” subsequently lead to higher death rates for Indigenous Australians in rural areas due to their lack of access to quality healthcare and its professionals, and rehabilitation services.^[5]

Binge drinking

Binge drinking five or more drinks in one sitting) in rural Australia is a severe problem as a result of the poor health determinants distinctive of these rural areas, including limited healthcare access, economic disadvantage, high unemployment levels and low levels of education.^[1] 54% of young and Indigenous people in isolated areas of Australia are acutely high-level binge drinkers.^[7] Binge drinking behaviour are “heavily shaped by prevailing cultural norms” such as the “acceptability of binge drinking”.^[8] Binge drinking in rural areas of Australia have severe and problematic long-term impacts on individuals who perform these behaviours, not only to themselves but to the entire health outcome of rural Australia. In particular, as children and teenagers’ brains aren't properly developed yet, the immense level of binge drinking performed by these young individuals in rural Australia has a greater long-term impact for themselves both psychologically and physically, further adding to overall health disadvantage in rural communities.^[7]

However, in 2016 the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare reported that younger adults were drinking less compared to 2013. 42% of individuals aged between 18 and 24 would binge drink a minimum of five alcoholic standard drinks per month, but this statistic was only a 5% decrease since 2013.^[2] Overall, despite that young adults in rural areas decreased their levels of binge drinking from 31% in 2010 to 18.5% in 2016, this kind of behaviour remains a prominent and destructive issue in rural Australian society.

Alcohol abuse and mental health

The abuse and misconduct of alcohol in rural Australia is a crucial aspect and result of the excessive alcohol consumption in rural and remote communities in Australia. This can accordingly lead to individuals experiencing severe mental health issues or pursuing violence. As rural communities have less access to healthcare and its professionals, and rehabilitation services, depression, anxiety and suicide is much more prominent due to rural dwellers' extreme levels of alcohol consumption.

The National Alliance for Action on Alcohol reported that intentional and non-intentional deaths and injury are considerably greater in remote regions than in major cities, as a consequence of rural Australians abusing alcohol and becoming violent, depressed and/or suicidal.^[1] Moreover, in these isolated areas, a third of young people aged between 14 and 24 have been physically abused by people who were highly intoxicated.^[1] This severe misuse of alcohol inevitably contributes to the rapidly rising mortality rates in rural Australia, as well as the increased levels of disability amongst rural people who are victims of such abuse.^[9]

The Australian Rural Mental Health Study examined the way in which unnecessary alcohol use can determine someone's psychological symptoms and damage their mental health in rural communities.^[10] As evident in the graph, the study demonstrated that at least one individual in each age group consumed alcohol at a life-damaging level.^[10] The youngest age group drinks alcohol in the most harmful category, substantially contributing to the high levels of psychological distress that 18-34 year olds experience in rural areas.^[10]

Preventative strategies

Whilst excessive alcohol consumption is evidently a severe problem in rural communities, there are a number of strategies the Australian government has implemented to reduce these poor health behaviours:

The Ministerial Drug and Alcohol Forum

In 2015, the Council of Australian Governments decided it was vital to implement a new and innovative Ministerial Forum to endorse drug and alcohol preventative strategies in Australia. The Forum created a new policy, namely the National Drug Strategy, which aims to prevent and decrease harm facilitated by the excessive use of alcohol and drugs in Australia in 2017–2026.^[11] The strategy is divided into more specific categories, whereby in 2018 the "National Alcohol and other Drug Workforce Development Strategy" illustrates the need for effective alcohol reduction strategies and specialised health services in rural, isolated and remote areas.^[12]

The National Preventative Health Taskforce

This preventative strategy aims for Australia to be the "Healthiest Country by 2020" and recognises the inequities of health and alcohol misuse between rural and urban civilians in Australia.^[13] The preventative health framework has numerous main aims to reduce the misuse of alcohol in rural regions of Australia.^[1] Some of these include:

Modifying consumer supply and demand of alcohol to promote safer alcohol consumption.^[1]
Creating more primary health care facilities in rural Australia to assist residents in making better choices for their health.^[1]
Utilise the Australian "Close the Gap" government strategy to reduce the serious health disadvantage amongst Indigenous Australians.^[1]

The National Alliance for Action on Alcohol

This national organisation was formed to raise awareness of healthy practice in Australia, particularly in rural regions, and simultaneously improve its policies to reduce alcohol harm and consumption in these areas.^[14] The strategy has implemented an "Alcohol Policy Scorecard" across Australia, which tracks and benchmarks all state governments' movement of attempting to prevent and reduce harm that has been facilitated by significant alcohol consumption.^[14] However, in 2018 the alliance stated that the Northwest Territory government's drug and alcohol strategy has still not been finalised, unlike in the Northern Territory which has made significant progress of reducing alcohol-facilitated harm by 68% since implementing the "Alcohol Harm Minimisation Action Plan".^[14]

Effective interventions

Apart from the many preventative strategies that the Australian government has implemented to reduce alcohol misuse in rural Australia, there are also a number of programs that can assist with this reduction. Such interventions include "partial or complete bans on promotion of alcohol, measures to reduce drink driving, and targeted advice in the primary care setting".^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s "Alcohol Use in Rural Australia" (PDF). National Rural Health Alliance. 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Rural & remote health, Access to health services". Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
^ Claughton, David (18 August 2019). "Sober in the Country: Rural health advocate Shanna Whan fights to save farmers from self-medicating with alcohol". ABC News. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
^ O'Connor, Ted; Lucas, Jarrod (14 February 2024). "Police add remote and outback residents to WA's re-worked Banned Drinkers Register". ABC News. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Alcohol, tobacco & other drugs in Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people". Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
^ Miller, P (2010). "Review of Rural and Regional Alcohol Research in Australia". Australian Journal of Rural Health. (18)3: 110–117.
^ ^a ^b Powers, Jennifer; Duffy, Luke; Burns, Lucy; Loxton, Deborah (April 2016). "Binge drinking and subsequent depressive symptoms in young women in Australia". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 161: 86–94. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.019. hdl:1959.13/1322160. ISSN 0376-8716.
^ Beard, John R.; Tomaska, Nola; Earnest, Arul; Summerhayes, Richard; Morgan, Geoff (February 2009). "Influence of socioeconomic and cultural factors on rural health". Australian Journal of Rural Health. 17 (1): 10–15. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1584.2008.01030.x. ISSN 1038-5282.
^ Pacileo, Guglielmo; Fattore, Giovanni (2009-11-05). "Alcohol abuse prevention in young people: An economic simulation". Journal of Substance Use. 14 (6): 385–392. doi:10.3109/14659890802695865. ISSN 1465-9891.
^ ^a ^b ^c Inder, Kerry J; Handley, Tonelle E; Fitzgerald, Michael; Lewin, Terry J; Coleman, Clare; Perkins, David; Kelly, Brian J (2012-08-01). "Individual and district-level predictors of alcohol use: cross sectional findings from a rural mental health survey in Australia". BMC Public Health. 12 (1). doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-586. ISSN 1471-2458. PMC 3491021.
^ "Ministerial Drug and Alcohol Forum (MDAF)". Australian Government Department of Health. 2019-02-05. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
^ "National Alcohol and other Drug Workforce Development Strategy 2015–2018". Australian Government Department of Health. 2019-02-06. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
^ "Australia: The Healthiest Country by 2020" (PDF). National Preventative Health Strategy - Overview. 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c "National Alliance for Action on Alcohol – National Alliance for Action on Alcohol". Retrieved 2019-05-17.