2nd century in Lebanon

2nd century in Lebanon
Key event(s):
Photos of 2nd century Lebanese Roman sarcophagi.
Chronology:

This article lists historical events that occurred between 101–200 in modern-day Lebanon or regarding its people.

Administration

Cuirassed statue of Roman Emperor Hadrian from Tyre, National Museum of Beirut, Lebanon.

Roman emperor Hadrian (reigned 117–138) is said to have considered a division of the overly large province of Syria in 123–124 AD, but it was not until shortly after c. 194 AD that Septimius Severus (r. 193–211) actually undertook this, dividing the province into Syria Coele in the north and Phoenice in the south.[1] The province was much larger than the area traditionally called Phoenicia: for example, cities like Emesa[a] and Palmyra[b] and the base of the Legio III Gallica[c] in Raphanaea[d] were now subject to governor in Tyre. Veterans of this military unit were settled in Tyre, which also received the rank of colonia.[2]

By creating the province of Phoenicia, Septimius Severus revived the Phoenician identity. His restoration of the ancient regional name seems to come from a deep pride in his own origin from the regions of Dido in Africa and his wife’s roots in Phoenicia.[3]

War of Succession

Marble head of the emperor Septimius Severus, from Tyre, on display at the National Museum of Beirut.

After the death of the 2nd century Roman emperor Commodus, a civil war erupted, in which Berytus, and Sidon supported Pescennius Niger. While the city of Tyre supported Septimius Severus, which led Niger to send Mauri[e] javelin men and archers to sack the city.[4] However, Niger lost the civil war, and Septimius Severus decided to show his gratitude for Tyre's support by making it the capital of Phoenice. Berytus was permitted to maintain its status as a Roman colony but lost the territory of Heliopolis, which was established as a separate colony. Ulpian, a native of Tyre, states that the grant of colonial status to Heliopolis resulted from this civil war.[5]

Propraetorial Imperial Legates of Phoenicia

The early governors of Phoenice from the time of Septimius Severus are known mainly by inscriptions. The governors resided in Tyre.[6]

Date Propraetorial Imperial Legate (Governor)
193 – 194 Ti. Manilius Fuscus
198 Q. Venidius Rufus Marius Maximus L. Calvinianus

Events

100s

110s

130s

  • Roman Emperor Hadrian visits the city of Tyre in 130/131.[9]

150s

190s

  • Roman emperor Commodus dies on 31 December 192,[11] leading to a war of succession, in which each Lebanese city took side of either Septimius Severus or Pescennius Niger.
  • In AD 193, Septimius Severus grants Baalbek ius Italicum rights.[12]
  • Niger is defeated and beheaded in 194, ending the war of succession.[13]
  • The Roman province of Phoenice is created c. 194 AD.
  • Tyre becomes the capital of Phoenice, 198 AD.[14]

Culture

Sports

Athletic competitions following the classical model persisted in the region during the second century AD, taking place in public venues such as gymnasiums. An athlete from Aphrodisias in Caria, in 165 AD, recorded his victories, listing events in various Phoenician cities: the men’s pankration in Berytus, the men’s pankration in Tyre, and the men’s pankration in Hieropolis.[15]

Wildlife conservation

Hadrian's inscriptions of boundary stones, Lebanon.

The first attempt to conserve the Lebanese cedar was made during the 2nd century by the Roman emperor Hadrian; he created an imperial forest and ordered it marked by inscribed boundary stones, two of which are in the museum of the American University of Beirut.[16] Material finds of this early type of wildlife conservation is provided by 200 inscriptions engraved on rocks all over the northern part of Mount Lebanon.[17]

Architecture

Based on literary evidence, by the early second century AD, Berytus featured various public structures, including halls, porticoes, temples, marketplaces, a theater, an amphitheater, and baths. The buildings and streets were decorated with statues and sculptures.[15]


People

100s

Probus, Marcus Valerius – De iuris notarum, fragm., 15th-century – BEIC 14822487.

110s

130s

Cover for "Tabulae geographica" (1578), work of Ptolemy. Depicted are both Ptolemy and Marinus of Tyre, very likely in this order.

140s

170s

  • The famous Lebanese jurist Ulpian, Latin: Gnaeus Domitius Annius Ulpianus; one of the great legal authorities, is born in Tyre, possibly c. 170 AD.[28]

190s

  • Adrianus of Tyre dies in 192/193 AD.[29][30]

Notes

  1. ^ Modern-day Homs/Hims (حمص), Syria.
  2. ^ Arabic: تَدْمُر (Tadmur)
  3. ^ A military unit of the Imperial Roman army
  4. ^ Arabic: الرفنية, romanized: al-Rafaniyya; colloquial: Rafniye
  5. ^ Latin designation for the Berber population of Mauretania, a region in the ancient Maghreb.

References

  1. ^ Eißfeldt 1941, p. 368.
  2. ^ Ulpian, Digests 50.15.1.
  3. ^ Linda Jones Hall (2004) p. 93
  4. ^ Herodian, Roman History 3.3.
  5. ^ Linda Jones Hall (2004), p. 49
  6. ^ Hall, pg. 94
  7. ^ "Martyr Eudokia of Heliopolis". www.oca.org. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
  8. ^ Meghraoui, M.; Gomez F.; Sbeinati R.; van der Woerd J.; Mouty M.; Darkal A.N.; Radwan Y.; Layyous I.; Al Najjar H.; Darawcheh R.; Hijazi F.; Al-Ghazzi R & Barazangi M. (2003). "Evidence for 830 years of seismic quiescence from palaeoseismology, archaeoseismology and historical seismicity along the Dead Sea fault in Syria" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 210 (1–2). Elsevier: 35–52. Bibcode:2003E&PSL.210...35M. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00144-4. hdl:1813/5320.
  9. ^ a b "Tyre, Al-Bass, Arch of Hadrian - Livius". www.livius.org. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
  10. ^ Campbell, Thomas (1907). "Pope St. Anicetus" in The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  11. ^ Roman history, Dio Cassius, 73.22
  12. ^ Ulpian, De Censibus, Bk. I.
  13. ^ Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001, p. 33
  14. ^ Krause, Günter (1985). Begleitheft zur Ausstellung Tyros, Hafenstadt Phöniziens. Duisburg-Ruhrort: Museum der Deutschen Binnenschifffahrt. pp. 1–5, 12–14.
  15. ^ a b Linda Jones Hall (2004), p. 63
  16. ^ Shackley, pp. 420–421
  17. ^ "The forest inscriptions of Hadrian in Mount Lebanon FOLLOWING HADRIAN". FOLLOWING HADRIAN. 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  18. ^ Service de communication, Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée (2006-11-10). "Yanouh et le Nahr Ibrahim". Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée (in French). Retrieved 2010-08-14.
  19. ^ Seyrig, Henri (1929). "La Triade héliopolitaine et les temples de Baalbek". Syria. 10 (4): 314–356. doi:10.3406/syria.1929.3414. ISSN 0039-7946. JSTOR 4236962.
  20. ^ Taylor, George (1967). The Roman temples of Lebanon; a pictorial guide. Internet Archive. [Beirut], [Dar el-Machreq Publishers].
  21. ^ Tyre, Al-Bass, Hippodrome
  22. ^ Cook, Arthur Bernard. Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion Vol. I
  23. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Probus, Marcus Valerius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 408.
  24. ^ Jowett, Benjamin (1867), "Adrianus (1)", in Smith, William (ed.), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 1, Boston, pp. 21–22{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  25. ^ Harley, J. B. (John Brian); Woodward, David (1987). The History of cartography. Humana Press. pp. 178–. ISBN 978-0-226-31633-8. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  26. ^ "Marinus of Tyre" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 722.
  27. ^ "Philo, Herennius" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 413.
  28. ^ Birks, Peter (1983). "HONORÉ'S ULPIAN". Irish Jurist (1966-). 18 (1): 151–181. ISSN 0021-1273. JSTOR 44027631.
  29. ^ Suda s.v. Αδριανός
  30. ^ Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, Vit. Adrian.

Sources


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