2 Chronicles 20

2 Chronicles 20
The complete Hebrew text of the Books of Chronicles (1st and 2nd Chronicles) in the Leningrad Codex (1008 CE).
BookBooks of Chronicles
CategoryKetuvim
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part14

2 Chronicles 20 is the twentieth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible.[1][2] The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.[3] This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia (2 Chronicles 10 to 36).[1] The focus of this chapter (as all chapters from 17 to 20) is the reign of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah.[4]

Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 37 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[5]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).[6][a]

Old Testament references

Jehoshaphat Defeats Moab and Ammon (20:1–30)

This section contains the battle report of Jehoshaphat against the southeastern Transjordanian coalition of powers, but it was exclusively a sacral war (verse 15: "the battle is not yours, but God's") as the enemies destroyed themselves and the people of Judah only came to sing and pick up the spoils of war.[11][12] Informed about the invasion of a huge enemy, Jehoshaphat resorted to prayer (verses 6–12), which was also called a 'national lament' (echoing Solomon's prayer in 2 Chronicles 6:28, 34), addressing YHWH as 'O LORD, God of our ancestors' and 'the ruler of all peoples who gave the Israelites their land'.[13][14] YHWH ordered Israel not to attack these Transjordanian neighbors (Deuteronomy 2), but as they attacked, Jehoshaphat appealed to YHWH for their expulsion from his land.[13] Jahaziel, a Levitical singer, served as the designated priest to proclaim God's assurance of victory (cf. Deuteronomy 20:2-4; 1 Chronicles 25:1-8), as a result of faith in God, quoting both Moses (Exodus 14:13-14) and David (1 Samuel 7:47).[14] As previous sacral wars, 'the fear of God descends upon all the kingdoms of the countries' (cf. Exodus 15:14-16; Deuteronomy 2:25; 11:25; Joshua 2:9, 11, 24; 10:1-2; 1 Samuel 4:7-8; 14:15; 1 Chronicles 14:7; 2 Chronicles 14:13).[15] Jehoshaphat, all Judeans and the citizens of Jerusalem reacted joyfully by worshipping YHWH (verses 18–19) followed by the Levites, who sang praises to God, even before the salvation happened.[13] The entire action of God (verse 20) took place early in the morning (that is, the time at which God usually acted), leaving no survivor among the enemy armies and the largest spoils in the entire Hebrew Bible (taking three days to collect).[13] The war ended where it began, in the temple of Jerusalem (verses 26–28) and with music (verses 29–30, cf. 17:10; typical for the Chronicles).[13] As fear of YHWH struck not only Judah's neighboring kingdoms, but also all the kingdoms in the region, Judah was in peace as a reward for the nation's exemplary conduct.[13]

The end of Jehoshaphat's reign (20:31–37)

Jehoshaphat second misstep happened at the end of his reign that he again worked together with another king of northern kingdom (Ahaziah the son of Ahab).[16] Despite a warning given through a prophet, Jehoshaphat went on with his alliance and therefore was condemned to failure, although this (as well as the previous misstep) did not affect the positive judgement for his reign.[17]

Verse 31

And Jehoshaphat reigned over Judah. He was thirty-five years old when he began his reign, and he was king in Jerusalem for twenty-five years. The name of his mother was Azubah the daughter of Shilhi.[18]
  • Cross reference: 1 Kings 22:41–42
  • "Twenty-five years": in Thiele's chronology (improved by McFall), Jehoshaphat became coregent in Tishrei (September) 873 BCE (Thiele has 872 BCE, on the 39th year of Asa, his father), and starting to rule as a sole king between September 870 and April 869 BCE (when Asa died) until his death between April and September 848 BCE.[19] It is not clear whether Jehoshaphat was 35 years of age when he became coregent or when he became king; his age of death would be at 59 if the former, or at 56 if the latter.[19]

Verse 36

And he allied himself with him to make ships to go to Tarshish, and they made the ships in Ezion Geber.[20]
  • Cross references: 1 Kings 22:48–49[21]
  • "Ships to go to Tarshish": is a phrase which may mean "vessels built for long sea-voyages", because according to 1 Kings, the ships were built “to go to Ophir for gold” (1 Kings 22:48; cf. 2 Chronicles 8:18; 1 Kings 9:28; 1 Kings 10:11; Psalm 45:9), possibly referring to "India".[21] This interpretation is more logical because Ezion-Geber was a port on the Red Sea for vessels sailing eastward, while Tarshish (identified as Tartessos in the Iberian Peninsula[22]) was in the west.[23]

See also

  • Related Bible parts: Deuteronomy 4, Numbers 20, 1 Kings 3, 1 Kings 22, 2 Chronicles 16, 2 Chronicles 17, Psalm 135

    • Notes

    1. ^ The whole book of 2 Chronicles is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[7][8][9]

    References

    1. ^ a b Ackroyd 1993, p. 113.
    2. ^ Mathys 2007, p. 268.
    3. ^ Ackroyd 1993, pp. 113–114.
    4. ^ Mathys 2007, p. 293.
    5. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 36–37.
    6. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
    7. ^ Würthwein, Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments (2nd ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. p. 85. ISBN 3-438-06006-X.
    8. ^ Swete, Henry Barclay (1902). An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Cambridge: Macmillan and Co. pp. 129–130.
    9. ^  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
    10. ^ a b c d 2 Chronicles 20 Holman Christian Standard Bible. Biblehub
    11. ^ Mathys 2007, p. 294.
    12. ^ Coogan 2007, p. 643 Hebrew Bible.
    13. ^ a b c d e f Mathys 2007, p. 295.
    14. ^ a b Coogan 2007, p. 644 Hebrew Bible.
    15. ^ Coogan 2007, pp. 644–645 Hebrew Bible.
    16. ^ Coogan 2007, p. 645 Hebrew Bible.
    17. ^ Mathys 2007, p. 296.
    18. ^ 2 Chronicles 20:36 MEV
    19. ^ a b McFall 1991, no. 19.
    20. ^ 2 Chronicles 20:36 NKJV
    21. ^ a b Ellicott, C. J. (Ed.) (1905). Ellicott's Bible Commentary for English Readers. 2 Chronicles 20. London : Cassell and Company, Limited, [1905-1906] Online version: (OCoLC) 929526708. Accessed 28 April 2019.
    22. ^ Singer, Isidore; Seligsohn, M. (eds.). "Tarshish". Jewish Encyclopedia.
    23. ^ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. 2 Chronicles 20. Accessed 28 April 2019

    Sources