The 2024Liberal Democratic Party presidential election was held on 27 September 2024 to elect the next president of the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan for a three-year term.
Incumbent LDP President and Prime Minister Fumio Kishida announced on 14 August that he would not run for re-election, amid record-low approval ratings following controversy over a slush fund scandal involving the party factions Seiwakai and Shisuikai, both of which disbanded in January 2024. Kishida's Kōchikai also disbanded. Approval ratings were also mired by the party's affiliations with the Unification Church.[2][3][4][5]
The 2024 presidential election was the first since the abolition of most of the party's factions in the wake of the slush fund scandal, which led to commentators describing the election's outcome as unusually volatile and unpredictable.[6] Nine candidates ran for the presidency, a record number.[7] At the beginning of the official campaign period, Former Minister of Defense Shigeru Ishiba, former Minister of the EnvironmentShinjirō Koizumi and Minister of State for Economic Security Sanae Takaichi emerged as the three top front-runners based on polling. Ishiba and Koizumi were described as the "centrists" of the election,[8][9][10] while Takaichi was described as a "staunch conservative."[11]
Ishiba narrowly defeated Takaichi in a runoff, and was confirmed by the Diet as the next Prime Minister four days later on 1 October.[12][13] Ishiba's victory was described by commentators as unexpected and an upset, owing to his past leadership bid failures as well as his prior unpopularity with many LDP members of the Diet.[14]
Election procedure
The election process for the President of the LDP is established in the "Rules for the Election of President of the Party". In order to officially qualify as a candidate in the election, a candidate must be an LDP member of the National Diet and must receive a nomination from at least 20 fellow LDP Diet members.
The LDP selects its leader via a two-round election involving both LDP members of the Diet and dues-paying party members from across Japan. In the first round, all LDP members of the Diet cast one vote while party member votes are translated proportionally into votes equaling the other half of the total ballots. If any candidate wins a majority (over 50%) of votes in the first round, that candidate is elected president.
As no candidate received a majority of votes in the first round, a runoff was held immediately between the top two candidates, Shigeru Ishiba and Sanae Takaichi. In a runoff, all Diet members vote again while the 47 prefectural chapters of the LDP get one vote each, with the result of the latter votes determined using the first round results of party members in each prefecture. The candidate who wins the most votes in the runoff is then elected president. Ishiba received 215 votes to Takaichi's 194, securing Ishiba the spot as the next leader of the LDP.[15]
Background
Following the resignation of party president and prime minister Yoshihide Suga, former foreign minister Fumio Kishida was elected President of the LDP in 2021, defeating Administrative Reform and Regulatory Reform minister Taro Kono in a second round runoff, becoming the prime minister on 4 October 2021.[16]
Assassination of Shinzo Abe and ties to the Unification Church
Prime Minister Fumio Kishida reshuffled his second cabinet in 2023 to include more women and keep potential political rivals in key roles.
Following the assassination of former prime minister Shinzo Abe in 2022, the Unification Church (UC) new religious movement was shown to have significant political influence in the LDP, and the popularity for the party, as well as Kishida's approval rating, decreased.[17] Kishida reshuffled his cabinet on 10 August 2022 in an effort to remove cabinet ministers associated with the UC in order to regain public trust in his government.[17][18]
Kishida reshuffled his cabinet once again on 13 September 2023 as his premiership continued to lose public support. The reshuffle was highlighted for its comparatively high proportion of women in official roles and the inclusion of members of opposing factions in high-ranking roles such as Taro Kono and Toshimitsu Motegi.[19]
In November 2023, it was discovered that members of the conservative Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai (Seiwakai) and Shisuikai factions failed to report over JP¥600 million (US$4.06 million) in campaign funds, which they had instead placed in unlawful slush funds. This led to a scandal concerning the misuse of campaign funds by these members.[20][21]
The first arrests took place on 7 January 2024, with former deputy minister of education Yoshitaki Ikeda and Kazuhiro Kakinuma, his assistant, being accused of concealing ¥48 million that the Seiwakai earned between 2018 and 2022. The National Police Agency justified their arrest by claiming that there was a chance of evidence destruction. Ikeda was expelled from the LDP after details of the arrests were made public.[28]
On 7 December 2023, Kishida announced his resignation as leader of the moderate Kōchikai faction, which he led since 2012 and announced he will leave the faction due to the scandal. A month later in January 2024, Kōchikai, along with Seiwakai and Shisuikai were dissolved, leaving Motegi's Heisei Kenkyūkai and Tarō Asō's Shikōkai as the only remaining factions left in the party.[29][30]
Kishida Cabinet approval ratings since 2021.
Continued unpopularity and resignation
Kishida's approval ratings continued to fall in the aftermath of the scandal, dropping to 23% on 13 December 2023, marking the lowest rating for any Prime Minister since the LDP's return to power in 2012. By 22 December, his approval ratings had further decreased to 17%. According to a Mainichi Shimbun poll conducted on 18 December 2023, 79% of respondents disapprove of Kishida's performance as Prime Minister, the highest disapproval rate since the end of World War II.[31][22][32]
Concerns emerged about Kishida's ability to lead the party to victory in the upcoming general election, with the scandal leading to speculations that the LDP could potentially lose power in favor of a CDP-led coalition.[33] Ex-Seiwakai member and House of Representatives member Takatori Shuichi said that he does not believe the party can maintain a majority in the National Diet if Kishida is reelected as party president, while Kishida's predecessor Suga on 23 June called for the resignation of Kishida, stating that the party would lose power if "things continue like this".[34][35]Mainichi Shimbun reports that the party could split between pro-Kishida and anti-Kishida forces ahead of the election, with some supporting Suga's criticism of Kishida.[36]
Campaign
Prelude
Sanae Takaichi on 18 June 2024 announced that she will be publishing a book on economic security titled "Japan's Economic Security" (日本の経済安全保障), to be published on 8 July, the second anniversary of Shinzo Abe's assassination. There are views within the party that the book is an early campaign manifesto for her presidential run.[37] On 30 June, the Asahi Shimbun reported that Sanae Takaichi had decided to run for the presidential election.[38] She denied this in a post on Twitter, and later declined to comment on 2 July.[39]
On 26 June, Taro Kono, who made it to the second round in 2021, conveyed his desire to run for the presidency to LDP Vice President and his faction boss Taro Aso, during dinner.[40] Governor of GunmaIchita Yamamoto announced his intentions to endorse Kono in a press conference the following day.[41] On 10 August, Kono again conveyed his desire to run to Taro Aso. He reportedly told Aso he would run with or without his support.[42]
Shigeru Ishiba on 28 June informed his political allies of his intentions to run for the presidency and has begun making "concrete arrangements".[43] He indicated on 11 July that he would make a decision by August.[44] Later on 21 July Ishiba said he would decide around the Obon holiday period (August 13–16).[45] Two days later he said that were he to run, he would campaign on deleting the second paragraph of Article 9 in the Japanese Constitution renouncing Japan's right to wage war.[46] Ishiba declared his candidacy on 14 August, hours after Kishida's resignation.[47]
On 2 July the Yukan Fuji reported that Shinjirō Koizumi may be preparing to run for LDP president, with a goal of making it to the second round runoff.[48] While visiting Fukushima Prefecture for a surfing competition, Koizumi said he was "carefully considering" a run for the party presidency.[49] Diet Member Naoki Furukawa [ja] suggested Kishida be replaced by Koizumi on 12 July.[50]
LDP Secretary-GeneralToshimitsu Motegi visited Fumio Kishida's home prefecture of Hiroshima on 6 July.[51] Motegi later said on 22 July that he would not be the first candidate to formally declare his intention to run, in order to avoid becoming the "Reiwa eraNobuteru Ishihara" who ran in the 2012 election.[52] On the same day, he stated he would make a decision by early September.[53] Motegi will embark on a trip to Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, and the Philippines on 28 July in an effort to boost his profile.[54]
On 24 July Seiko Noda met with policy chief Tokai Kisaburo, Diet Affairs Chair Hamada Yasukazu (both of whom endorsed her campaign in 2021) and others to discuss her potential candidacy.[55]
Takayuki Kobayashi indicated on 12 August that the party should "balance out" punishments against Abe faction members for the kickback scandal, arguing that removal from leadership has made on the ground activities challenging.[56] LDP Upper House Member Shigeharu Aoyama indicated in a press conference that he would run for the Presidency.[57] The same day Diet members Tatsuo Fukuda, Masanobu Ogura and Keitaro Ohno stated in an opinion piece that the election was "a big opportunity for a change in generation and appointing women," seemingly calling for Kishida to step aside.[58]
Kishida declines and early campaign activities
Kishida announcing that he will not seek re-election as President of the party, 14 August 2024
On 14 August, Fumio Kishida announced that he would not seek a second term as President of the Liberal Democratic Party.[59] This effectively made the race an "open field" for new candidates.[60] Kishida was reportedly pressured by influential members of the party, such as Taro Aso, Masahito Moriyama and Yoshimasa Hayashi to not seek a second term.[61][62] The announcement reportedly unsettled Japanese markets, which were already disturbed by a surprise rate increase by the Bank of Japan in late July.[63] At a press conference at the Prime Minister's Office on the same day, Kishida stated resigning was the "easiest way to clearly show that the LDP has changed".[64][65] He also cited the slush funds scandal as a reason for stepping aside, believing it was the only way to take "responsibility" as party leader for losing trust from the public.[66] He pledged to support whoever will be chosen by the party as a rank-and-file member, refusing to endorse a particular candidate, adding that he was withdrawing so that the party could have an "open contest to promote debate".[67][68][69][70] Kishida's more than 1,000 days in power made him Japan's eighth longest-serving post-war prime minister.[71]
Prior to Kishida's decision to opt out of re-election, Shigeru Ishiba expressed interest in running for the LDP presidency and led in several polls
The night after the press conference, Toshimitsu Motegi met with Taro Aso, who said it would be difficult to support him.[76] Early after Kishida's announcement, it was reported that it was unlikely he would back Motegi.[77] The day after his announcement on 15 August, Kishida informed his cabinet ministers that they may start campaigning for LDP President as long as it doesn't affect their duties as ministers. That same day, Shinjiro Koizumi and Takayuki Kobayashi visited the Yasukuni Shrine on the 79th anniversary of Japan's surrender in World War II.[78][79] Economy, Trade and Industry Minister Ken Saito also said he was interested in running, after previously backing Kishida.[80] Potential candidate Yukio Obuchi stated that she would support Saito over her faction boss Motegi.[81] Yoshimasa Hayashi reportedly told fellow lawmakers on 16 August that he was keen on running.[82] On 17 August, Yōko Kamikawa announced her candidacy in a tweet.[83] She later stated that she was running to make Japan "an attractive country for all".[84] That same day, several candidates were asked on their position on same-sex marriage. Kono stated he supported it, Ishiba, Saito, Kato and Kamikawa took a neutral stance, while Kobayashi and Takaichi stated they opposed it. Koizumi, Hayashi and Motegi did not give a response.[85] By 17 August, it was reported that Hayashi and Kono had secured enough endorsements to declare their own candidacies.[86] Upper House Diet member Hiroshi Yamada told reporters on 21 August that Economic Security Minister Sanae Takaichi had secured 20 endorsements, and she believed she would formally announce her candidacy next week.[87] She had reportedly been struggling to get the adequate endorsements.[88]
Early declarations
On 19 August, Takayuki Kobayashi became the first to formally announce their leadership candidacy
The day after Kishida's announcement, Kobayashi appeared to have already amassed 20 endorsements, and was preparing to announce his candidacy soon.[89] He visited sites related to North Korea's 1977 abduction of Megumi Yokota on 17 August.[90] Former Minister of State for Economic Security Takayuki Kobayashi became the first to formally announce his candidacy during a press conference on August 19, emphasizing the need to "reform" the party.[91] On 23 August Kobayashi stated "We should proceed carefully and cautiously with optional separate surnames for married couples".[92] That same day, House of Councillors member Shigeharu Aoyama declared his candidacy.[57]
The same day, Katsunobu Kato said he had close to 20 endorsements.[93]Yomiuri reported that Koizumi planned to formally announce his candidacy on August 30.[94] The following day it was reported that Yoshimasa Hayashi was struggling to announce his own candidacy and amass his own endorsements.[95] He originally planned to announce on August 27, but had to postpone in order to prioritize the government response to an imminent typhoon, in his capacity as Chief Cabinet Secretary.[96] On 25 August, Kamikawa told reporters that she had secured more than 20 endorsements.[97]
Shigeru Ishiba was in Taipei when the news of Kishida's not seeking another term broke. He stated that if he could receive 20 endorsements, he would run.[98] He also said he'd be open to appointing Abe faction members to key posts if they're reelected.[99] Ishiba announced his candidacy on 24 August in his home constituency of Tottori.[100] He described his campaign as the "culmination of my 38 year political career".[101] His fifth LDP presidential campaign, Ishiba said it would be his "last".[102][103] At the event, he questioned whether the party should endorse candidates who received kickbacks at the next general election.[104] A press conference was expected the following week.[105]
Digital Minister Taro Kono announced his candidacy in a press conference held on 26 August in Tokyo.[106][107][108] He became the first sitting Cabinet minister to announce. In his press conference, he stated he wanted to "move the country forward" as leader.[109] Kono also acknowledged that his "record on reform" would be put to the test during the election. On economic policy, he said he would return to "fiscal austerity." Kono also said he would ask lawmakers receiving kickbacks to return the money.[110] The day after Kono's press conference, Taro Aso told faction members that he would personally back Kono, but would allow members to support other candidates.[111][112] Members of the dissolved Abe faction were reportedly frustrated with Ishiba's and Kono's questioning of support to members who received financial kickbacks.[113] Kono announced on 31 August that he would leave the Aso faction if he became Prime Minister.[114]
On 27 August, it was reported that Takaichi had also been forced to postpone her campaign announcement to the following week due to a typhoon.[116] The next day Sankei reported she would officially declare on 9 September.[117] Hayashi was reportedly planning to formally declare his candidacy on 3 September.[118] Meanwhile, Koizumi confirmed in a tweet that he would formally announce his campaign in a press conference on 6 September.[119][120] On 30 August, former Birthrate Minister and former leadership candidate Seiko Noda said she would formally announce her candidacy once she gathers enough support.[121]
Chief Cabinet SecretaryYoshimasa Hayashi announced his campaign in a press conference on 3 September.[122] Hayashi, who had experience as a cabinet minister in various capacities, advocated for "people-friendly politics" in his speech.[123] He pledged to implement wage hikes, election reform, and regional revitalization.[124]
Kobayashi and Ishiba clashed on taxes and reform. On 3 September Kobayashi stated he opposed any income tax increases, while Ishiba said he planned to increase taxation.[125][126] The two also disagreed on the creation of a Ministry for Disaster Prevention; Ishiba supported it while Kobayashi argued it would create more unnecessary bureaucracy.[127] The same day, Kobayashi met with Taro Aso.[128]
Former Foreign Minister and LDP Secretary-General Toshimitsu Motegi entered the race on 4 September, promising not to raise taxes.[129]
Kato confirmed he had 20 endorsements by 6 September and was expected to announce his campaign on 10 September.[130] Noda was reportedly struggling to pick up 20 endorsements of her own.[131]
On 9 September, Sanae Takaichi announced her second campaign for the LDP leadership
On 6 September, former Environment Minister Shinjirō Koizumi, who had been considered a "rising star" of the LDP, officially declared his candidacy in the leadership election at a press conference.[132][133] He pledged to introduce legislation that would legalize separate surnames for married couples, promising it would "be done within a year".[134][135] Koizumi promised to dissolve the lower of house and call a general election "as soon as possible" if elected President and later Prime Minister.[136][137] He proposed holding a national referendum to determine whether or not Article 9 of the Constitution should be amended.[138] His press conference also focused on regulatory and political reform; Koizumi said he would seek an LDP without factional dynamics.[139][140] Koizumi gave his first street speech the following day in Tokyo's Ginza.[141]
Kono said on 6 September that a Constitutional amendment concerning Article 9 should include "collective self-defense rights" beyond clearly stating the rights of the Japan Self-Defense Forces.[142] The previous day his campaign released a comprehensive policy vision, which included labor market reform, use of renewable energy, the creation of a digital safety net and lowering the age of candidacy to 18 years old.[143][144]
On 9 September, Economic Security Minister Sanae Takaichi announced her second campaign for the LDP leadership, becoming the first female candidate to officially declare their candidacy.[7] The following day, former Health Minister Katsunobu Katō formally announced his campaign.[145] That same day, former Internal Affairs Minister Seiko Noda announced she would not run in the election and endorsed Koizumi's candidacy.[146] On 11 September, Foreign Affairs Minister Yōko Kamikawa announced her candidacy.[147]
Front runners emerge
Despite her popularity as Foreign Minister, Yōko Kamikawa received little attention during the election cycle
Koizumi was damaged in a series of gaffes, such as his father stating he was not ready to be Prime Minister.[152] He also made controversial statements on the issue of North Korean abductees, stating he'd meet with "Kim", referring to Kim Jong Un. Takaichi began to be looked upon more favorably by rank-and-file members.[153]
In terms of base, Koizumi's was firmly rooted in Diet members, mainly due to Yoshihide Suga lending Koizumi support. He had secured roughly 50 Diet members, compared to the other two frontrunners, Ishiba and Takaichi, with just around 30. While Hayashi and Kobayashi had secured numbers in the 40s, they had since fallen behind the fray in public opinion polling. Motegi secured just over 30.[154]
Ishiba practiced a strategy of consolidating national support, as he had been consistently ranked one of the most popular politicians in the country, but had burned bridges with much of the party establishment during the Abe cabinets. Takaichi mixed both of these strategies and consolidated lawmakers involved in the slush fund scandal which rocked the LDP earlier in the year, causing the Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai to dissolve. However, she was still highly unpopular with most establishment figures. She gained serious momentum entering the campaign period, and began to lead in party member polls.[155][156]
The first round of the election was held on 27 September in which Takaichi received the majority of votes.[157] Ishiba advanced to the run-off, coming in second place after receiving 154 votes against Takaichi's 181.[157] Koizumi, the third front-runner of the election, failed to advance to the run-off as did the other remaining candidates.[157]The Japan Times noted after the first round that the other six candidates had "failed to make headway" against the three front-runners: Ishiba, Takaichi and Koizumi.[157]
Following a political funds scandal prior to the election, most of the official factions, including the one that had been led by former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, former Secretary-General Toshihiro Nikai, leadership candidate Motegi and Prime Minister Fumio Kishida, were dissolved.[157] For the run-off, Kono indicated his support for Takaichi.[157] After Hayashi's defeat, Prime Minister Kishida reportedly whipped votes for Ishiba in the second round of voting after having endorsed Hayashi.[158][159]
In the leadership election on 27 September 2024, Ishiba narrowly defeated Takaichi in a second-round runoff, winning a total of 215 votes (52.57%) from 189 parliamentary members and 26 prefectural chapters, making him the new LDP leader and prime minister-designate.[160] Ishiba's victory was described by commentators as unexpected and an upset, owing to his long history of failed leadership bids and his relative unpopularity with many LDP members of the Diet.[161] After his election, the Japanese stock market experienced a sudden drop in response to Ishiba's economic policies, which was named "Ishiba Shock".[162][163][164]
Schedule
Jiji reported on 21 July that the LDP would establish an election committee for the presidential election on 26 July. The 11-person committee is headed by Diet Member Ichiro Aisawa, and was reported to most likely determine the election date to be between September 20 to 30, with the two most likely dates being the 20th and 27th.[165][166]
On 19 August, a date of 27 September was set for the election.[167]
Timetable
Key dates
Date
Event
14 August
Incumbent LDP President Fumio Kishida announces he will not seek a second term as party leader. He refuses to endorse a successor.[59]
19 August
Former Economic Security Minister Takayuki Kobayashi announces his candidacy, becoming the first to do so.[91]
24 August
Former Defense Minister Shigeru Ishiba declares his candidacy. It is his fifth party leadership campaign.[100]
26 August
Digital Minister Taro Kono announces his campaign. It is his third party leadership campaign.[107]
3 September
Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshimasa Hayashi declares his campaign. It is his second party leadership campaign.[122]
Economic Security Minister Sanae Takaichi declares her candidacy. It his her second leadership campaign and is the first female candidate to formally become a candidate in this election.[7]
Nomination period closes; deadline for potential candidates to gather the support of twenty LDP MPs to qualify for the first ballot. Official campaign period begins.[169]
Yoshihide Suga (Prime Minister, 2020–2021; Chief Cabinet Secretary, 2012–2020; Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications, 2006–2007; Member of the House of Representatives, 1996–present)[194]
Kiyoto Tsuji (Member of the House of Representatives, 2012–present)[201]
Miki Yamada (Member of the House of Representatives, 2012–present)[201]
Endorsements of Taro Kono
Former Prime Ministers
Tarō Asō, (Prime Minister, 2008–2009; Deputy Prime Minister, 2012–2021; Minister of Finance, 2012–2021; President of the Liberal Democratic Party, 2008–2009; Minister for Foreign Affairs, 2005–2007; Minister for International Affairs and Communications, 2003–2005; Member of the House of Representatives, 1986–present)[202]
Prefectural officials
Ichita Yamamoto (Governor of Gunma, 2019–present; Member of the House of Councillors, 1995–2019)[41]
Endorsements of Sanae Takaichi
Members of the National Diet
Tōru Doi (Member of the House of Representatives, 2005–2009; 2012–present)[203]
Iwao Horii (Member of the House of Councillors, 2013–present)[204]
Kei Satō (Member of the House of Councillors, 2016–present)[204]
Hiroshi Yamada (Member of the House of Councillors, 2016–present; Member of the House of Representatives, 1993–1996; 2012–2014; Mayor of Suginami, 1999–2010)[205]
Declined
Endorsements of Fumio Kishida
Cabinet-level officials
Yoshimasa Hayashi (Chief Cabinet Secretary, 2023–present; Minister for Foreign Affairs, 2021–2023; Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 2017–2018; Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2012–2014; Minister of State for Economic and Fiscal Policy, 2009; Minister of Defense, 2008; Member of the House of Representatives, 2021–present; Member of the House of Councillors, 1995–2021)[207]
Seiji Kihara (Former Special Advisor to the Prime Minister, 2023; Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary, 2021–2023; Member of the House of Representatives, 2000–2009; 2012–present)[208]
Endorsements of Ken Saito
Cabinet-level officials
Yūko Obuchi (Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry (2014); Member of the House of Representative (2000–present)[81]
Opinion polls
Polling
LOESS curve of the polling for the 2024 LDP leadership election with a 7-day average since the election was called. Note that the approval ratings of Liberal Democratic Party Supporters are omitted from the graph.
(Figures in parentheses are approval ratings of Liberal Democratic Party supporters)
The following polls feature Fumio Kishida, who was then speculated to run for re-election for the Liberal Democratic party leadership before deciding against entering the race.
Hypothetical polling with Fumio Kishida as a candidate
Following Ishiba's victory, it was described that he had planned on providing Koizumi a more prominent role in the LDP while Takaichi declined any cabinet positions in Ishiba's government.[212] Ishiba would go on to appoint former Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga as vice president of the party, while promoting outgoing Vice President Taro Aso as a chief advisor, with Hiroshi Moriyama becoming secretary general of the party. The appointments were seen as Ishiba's effort to stabilize the party.[213]
Ishiba was sworn-in as the 65th Prime Minister of Japan on 1 October and immediately formed his cabinet.[214]
^ ab"Calls grow within LDP for female presidential candidates". The Japan Times. 12 August 2024. Archived from the original on 23 August 2024. Retrieved 23 August 2024. The fact that Upper House member Shigeharu Aoyama has also declared his intention to run for the top job in the LDP will likely make it harder for Takaichi to garner support from their overlapping conservative support base.
^"林芳正氏の推薦人一覧 自民党総裁選" [Yoshimasa Hayashi's list of supporters: Liberal Democratic Party leadership election]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 12 September 2024. Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
^"石破茂氏の推薦人一覧 自民党総裁選" [Shigeru Ishiba's list of supporters: Liberal Democratic Party leadership election]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 12 September 2024. Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
^"上川陽子氏の推薦人一覧 自民党総裁選" [Yoko Kamikawa's list of supporters: Liberal Democratic Party leadership election]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 12 September 2024. Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
^"小林鷹之氏の推薦人一覧 自民党総裁選" [Takayuki Kobayashi's list of supporters: Liberal Democratic Party leadership election]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 12 September 2024. Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
^"小泉進次郎氏の推薦人一覧 自民党総裁選" [Shinjiro Koizumi's list of supporters: Liberal Democratic Party leadership election]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 12 September 2024. Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
^"河野太郎氏の推薦人一覧 自民党総裁選" [Taro Kono's list of supporters: Liberal Democratic Party leadership election]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 12 September 2024. Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
^"茂木敏充氏の推薦人一覧 自民党総裁選" [Toshimitsu Motegi's list of supporters: Liberal Democratic Party leadership election]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 12 September 2024. Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
^"高市早苗氏の推薦人一覧 自民党総裁選" [Toshimitsu Motegi's list of supporters: Liberal Democratic Party leadership election]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 12 September 2024. Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
^"総裁選 第28代総裁に石破茂氏を選出" (in Japanese). Liberal Democratic Party of Japan. 27 September 2024. Archived from the original on 27 September 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
^"自由民主党総裁選挙結果" (in Japanese). NHK. 27 September 2024. Archived from the original on 29 September 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
^"令和6年 総裁選挙 党員投票結果"(PDF) (in Japanese). Liberal Democratic Party of Japan. 27 September 2024. Archived(PDF) from the original on 30 September 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
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