Controversy regarding the handling and representation of the bombings by the government arose, with Spain's two main political parties—the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and the Partido Popular (PP)—accusing each other of concealing or distorting evidence for electoral reasons. The bombings occurred three days before general elections in which incumbent Prime Minister José María Aznar's PP was defeated.[11][4] Immediately after the bombing, leaders of the PP claimed evidence indicating the Basque separatist organization ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) was responsible for the bombings,[4][12][13] while the opposition claimed that the PP was trying to prevent the public from knowing it had been an Islamist attack, which would be interpreted as the direct result of Spain's involvement in Iraq, an unpopular war which the government had entered without the approval of the Spanish Parliament.[14] The scale and precise planning of the attacks reared memories of the September 11 attacks.[4]
Following the attacks, there were nationwide demonstrations and protests demanding that the government "tell the truth."[15] The prevailing opinion of political analysts is that the Aznar administration lost the general elections as a result of the handling and representation of the terrorist attacks, rather than because of the bombings per se.[16][17][18][19] Results published in The Review of Economics and Statistics by economist José García Montalvo[20] seem to suggest that indeed the bombings had important electoral impact[21] (turning the electoral outcome against the incumbent People's Party and handing government over to the Socialist Party, PSOE).
After 21 months of investigation, judge Juan del Olmo tried Moroccan national Jamal Zougam, among several others, for his participation carrying out the attack.[22] Although claims were made that attacks were linked to al-Qaeda,[23] investigations and probes conducted by Spanish officials did not find any links to al-Qaeda.[5][7][8] Findings issued by the Spanish judiciary in September 2007 found 21 individuals of participating in the attacks, while rejecting the involvement of an external mastermind or direct al-Qaeda links.[24][25][26][27][28]
Description
During the peak of Madrid rush hour on the morning of Thursday, 11 March 2004, ten explosions occurred aboard four commuter trains (cercanías).[29] The date, 11 March, led to the abbreviation of the incident as "11-M". All the affected trains were traveling on the same line and in the same direction between Alcalá de Henares and the Atocha station in Madrid. It was later reported that thirteen improvised explosive devices (IEDs) had been placed on the trains. Bomb disposal teams (TEDAX) arriving at the scenes of the explosions detonated two of the remaining three IEDs in controlled explosions, but the third was not found until later in the evening, having been stored inadvertently with luggage taken from one of the trains. The following timeline of events comes from the judicial investigation.[30]
All four trains had departed the Alcalá de Henares station between 07:01 and 07:14.[citation needed] The explosions took place between 07:37 and 07:40, as described below (all times given are in local time CET, UTC +1):
Atocha Station (train number 21431) – Three bombs exploded. Based on the video recording from the station security system, the first bomb exploded at 07:37, and two others exploded within 4 seconds of each other at 07:38. The train cars affected were the sixth, fifth and fourth. A fourth device was found by the TEDAX team two hours later in the first car, which was scheduled to explode when emergency services arrived. Two hours after the first explosions, the bomb was detonated by the bomb disposal team in the first car in a controlled manner.[citation needed]
El Pozo del Tío Raimundo Station (train number 21435) – At approximately 07:38, just as the train (six cars and double-decker) was starting to leave the station, two bombs exploded in different carriages. The carriages affected were the fourth and fifth. Another bomb was found in the third wagon and was detonated hours later by the TEDAX team on the platform, slightly damaging the third wagon. Yet another bomb was found in the second carriage; it was disabled hours later in the nearby Parque Azorín, and allowed the police to find several suspects.[citation needed]
Santa Eugenia Station (train number 21713) – One bomb exploded at approximately 07:38. The only wagon affected was the fourth.[citation needed]
Calle Téllez (train number 17305), approximately 800 meters from Atocha Station – Four bombs exploded in different carriages of the train at approximately 07:39. The wagons affected were the first, the fourth, the fifth and sixth. The train was slowing down to stop and wait for train 21431 to vacate platform 2 in Atocha.[citation needed]
At 08:00, emergency relief workers began arriving at the scenes of the bombings. The police reported numerous victims and spoke of 50 wounded and several dead. By 08:30 the emergency ambulance service, SAMUR (Servicio de Asistencia Municipal de Urgencia y Rescate), had set up a field hospital at the Daoiz y Velarde sports facility.[citation needed] Bystanders and local residents helped relief workers, as hospitals were told to expect the arrival of many casualties. At 08:43, firefighters reported 15 dead at El Pozo. By 09:00, the police had confirmed the death of at least 30 people – 20 at El Pozo and about 10 in Santa Eugenia and Atocha. People combed the city's major hospitals in search of family members who they thought were aboard the trains. There were 193 confirmed dead victims, the last victim dying in 2014 after having been in a coma for 10 years due to one of the Atocha explosions and not having been able to recover from their injuries.[2]
The total number of victims was higher than in any other terrorist attack in Spain, far surpassing the 21 killed and 40 wounded from a 1987 bombing at a Hipercor chain supermarket in Barcelona. On that occasion, responsibility was claimed by ETA. It was Europe's worst terror attack since the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland on 21 December 1988.[3]
Further bombings spur investigation
A device composed of 12 kilograms of Goma-2 ECO with a detonator and 136 meters of wire (connected to nothing) was found on the track of a high-speed railway line (AVE) on 2 April.[32] The Spanish judiciary chose not to investigate that incident and the perpetrators remain unknown. The device used in the AVE incident was unable to explode because it lacked an initiation system.[33]
Shortly after the AVE incident, police identified an apartment in Leganés, south of Madrid, as the base of operations for the individuals suspected of being the perpetrators of the Madrid and AVE attacks. The suspected militants, Sarhane Abdelmaji "the Tunisian" and Jamal Ahmidan "the Chinese", were trapped inside the apartment by a police raid on the evening of 3 April. At 9:03 pm, when the police attempted to breach the premises, the militants committed suicide by setting off explosives, killing themselves and one of the police officers.[34]
Investigators subsequently found that the explosives used in the Leganés explosion were of the same type as those used in the 11 March attacks (though it had not been possible to identify a brand of dynamite from samples taken from the trains) and in the thwarted bombing of the AVE line.[32]
Based on the assumption that the militants killed at Leganés were indeed the individuals responsible for the train bombings, the ensuing investigation focused on how they obtained their estimated 200 kg of explosives. The investigation revealed that they had been bought from a retired miner who still had access to blasting equipment.[35]
Five to eight suspects believed to be involved in the 11 March attacks managed to escape.[36]
In December 2006, the newspaper ABC reported that ETA reminded Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero about 11 March 2004 as an example of what could happen unless the government considered their petitions (in reference to the 2004 electoral swing), although the source also makes it clear that ETA 'had nothing to do' with the attack itself.[37]
In France, the Vigipirate plan was upgraded to orange level.[38] In Italy, the government declared a state of high alert.[39]
In December 2004, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero claimed that the PP government erased all of the computer files related to the Madrid bombings, leaving only the documents on paper.[40]
On 25 March 2005, prosecutor Olga Sánchez asserted that the bombings happened 911 days (exactly 2 and a half years) after the 11 September attacks due to the "highly symbolic and qabbalistic charge for local Al-Qaida groups"[41] of choosing that day. Actually, because 2004 was a leap year, 912 days had elapsed between 11 September 2001 and 11 March 2004.
On 27 May 2005, the Prüm Convention, implementing inter alia the principle of availability which began to be discussed after the Madrid bombings, was signed by Germany, Spain, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Austria, and Belgium.
On 4 January 2007, El País reported that Algerian Ouhnane Daoud, who is considered to be the mastermind of the 11-M bombings, has been searching for ways to return to Spain to prepare further attacks,[42] though this has not been confirmed.[43]
On 17 March 2008, Basel Ghalyoun, Mohamed Almallah Dabas, Abdelillah El-Fadual El-Akil and Raúl González Peña, having been found guilty by the Audiencia Nacional, were released after a Higher Court ruling.[44] This court also verified the release of the Egyptian Rabei Osman al-Sayed.[45]
Responsibility
On 14 March 2004, Abu Dujana al-Afghani, a purported spokesman for al-Qaeda in Europe, appeared in a videotape claiming responsibility for the attacks.[46]
The Spanish judiciary stated that a loose group of Moroccan, Syrian, and Algerian Muslims and two Guardia Civil and Spanish police informants[47][48][49] were suspected of having carried out the attacks. On 11 April 2006, Judge Juan del Olmo charged 29 suspects for their involvement in the train bombings.[50]
No evidence has been found of al-Qaeda involvement,[5] although an al-Qaeda claim was made the day of the attacks by the Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades. U.S. officials note that this group is "notoriously unreliable".[51] In August 2007, al-Qaeda claimed to be "proud" about the Madrid 2004 bombings.[52]
The Independent reported that "Those who invented the new kind of rucksack bomb used in the attacks are said to have been taught in training camps in Jalalabad, Afghanistan, under instruction from members of Morocco's radical Islamist Combat Group."[5]
Mohamed Darif, a professor of political science at Hassan II University in Mohammedia, stated in 2004 that the history of the Moroccan Combat Group is directly tied to the rise of al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. According to Darif, "Since its inception at the end of the 1990s and until 2001, the role of the organisation was restricted to giving logistic support to al-Qaeda in Morocco, finding its members places to live, providing them with false papers, with the opportunity of marrying Moroccans and with false identities to allow them to travel to Europe. Since 11 September, however, which brought the Kingdom of Morocco in on the side of the fight against terrorism, the organisation switched strategies and opted for terrorist attacks within Morocco itself."[53]
Scholar Rogelio Alonso said in 2007, "the investigation had uncovered a link between the Madrid suspects and the wider world of al-Qaida".[54]Scott Atran said "There isn't the slightest bit of evidence of any relationship with al-Qaida. We've been looking at it closely for years and we've been briefed by everybody under the sun... and nothing connects them."[55] He provides a detailed timeline that lends credence to this view.[56]
According to the European Strategic Intelligence and Security Center, the Islamic extremists' alliance with ETA is highly dubious and "there is not anyway any terror case whatsoever to this day in which islamist internationalists collaborated with non-muslims".[57]
Immediate reactions to the attacks in Madrid were the several press conferences held by the Spanish prime minister José María Aznar involving ETA. The Spanish government maintained this theory for two days. Because the bombs were detonated three days before the general elections in Spain, the situation had many political interpretations. The United States also initially believed ETA was responsible,[60] then questioning if Islamic extremists were responsible.[61] Spain's third-largest newspaper, ABC, immediately labelled the attacks as "ETA's bloodiest attack."[62]
Due to the government theory, statements issued shortly after the Madrid attacks, including from lehendakariJuan José Ibarretxe identified ETA as the prime suspect, but the group, which usually claims responsibility for its actions, denied any involvement.[63] Later evidence strongly pointed to the involvement of extremist Islamist groups, with the Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group named as a focus of investigations.[64]
Although ETA has a history of mounting bomb attacks in Madrid,[65] the 11 March attacks exceeded any attack previously attempted by a European organisation. This led some experts to point out that the tactics used were more typical of militant Islamic extremist groups, perhaps with a certain link to al-Qaeda, or maybe to a new generation of ETA activists using al-Qaeda as a role model. Observers also noted that ETA customarily, but not always, issues warnings before its mass bombings and that there had been no warning for this attack. Europol director Jürgen Storbeck commented that the bombings "could have been ETA... But we're dealing with an attack that doesn't correspond to the modus operandi they have adopted up to now".[66]
Political analysts believe ETA's guilt would have strengthened the PP's chances of being re-elected, as this would have been regarded as the death throes of a terrorist organisation reduced to desperate measures by the strong anti-terrorist policy of the Aznar government.[12] On the other hand, an Islamic extremist attack would have been perceived as the direct result of Spain's involvement in Iraq, an unpopular war that had not been approved by the Spanish Parliament.[14]
Investigation
All of the devices are thought to have been hidden inside backpacks. The police investigated reports of three people in ski masks getting on and off the trains several times at Alcalá de Henares between 7:00 and 7:10. A Renault Kangoo van was found parked outside the station at Alcalá de Henares containing detonators, audio tapes with Qur'anic verses, and cell phones.[67]
The provincial chief of TEDAX (the bomb disposal experts of the Spanish police) declared on 12 July 2004 that damage in the trains could not be caused by dynamite, but by some type of military explosive, like C3 or C4.[68] An unnamed source from the Aznar administration claimed that the explosive used in the attacks had been Titadine (used by ETA, and intercepted on its way to Madrid 11 days before).[69]
In March 2007, the TEDAX chief claimed that they knew that the unexploded explosive found in the Kangoo van was Goma-2 ECO the very day of the bombings.[70] He also asserted that "it is impossible to know" the components of the explosives that went off in the trains – though he later asserted that it was dynamite. The Judge Javier Gómez Bermúdez replied "I cannot understand" to these assertions.[71]
Examination of unexploded devices
A radio report mentioned a plastic explosive called "Special C". However, the government said that the explosive found in an unexploded device, discovered among bags thought to be victims' lost luggage, was the Spanish made Goma-2 ECO. The unexploded device contained 10 kg (22 lb) of explosive with 1 kg (2.2 lb) of nails and screws packed around it as shrapnel.[72] In the aftermath of the attacks, however, the chief coroner alleged that no shrapnel was found in any of the victims.[73]
Goma-2 ECO was never before used by al-Qaeda, but the explosive and the modus operandi were described by The Independent as ETA trademarks, although the Daily Telegraph came to the opposite conclusion.[74]
Two bombs, one in Atocha and another in El Pozo stations, numbers 11 and 12, were detonated accidentally by the TEDAX. According to the provincial chief of the TEDAX, deactivated rucksacks contained some other type of explosive. The 13th bomb, which was transferred to a police station, contained dynamite, although it did not explode because it was missing two wires connecting the explosives to the detonator. That bomb used a mobile phone (Mitsubishi Trium) as a timer, requiring a SIM card to activate the alarm and thereby detonate.[75] The analysis of the SIM card allowed the police to arrest an alleged perpetrator. On 13 March, when three Moroccans and two Pakistani Muslims[76][77] were arrested for the attacks, it was confirmed that the attacks came from an Islamist group.[78] Only one of the five persons (the Moroccan Jamal Zougam) detained that day was finally prosecuted.[48]
The Guardia Civil developed an extensive action plan to monitor records corresponding with the use of weapons and explosives. There were 166,000 inspections conducted throughout the country between March 2004 and November 2004. About 2,500 violations were discovered and over 3 tons of explosives, 11 kilometers of detonating cord, and over 15,000 detonators were seized.[79]
Suicide of suspects
On 3 April 2004, in Leganés, south Madrid, four terrorists died in an apparent suicide explosion, killing one Grupo Especial de Operaciones (GEO) (Spanish special police assault unit) police officer and wounding eleven policemen. According to witnesses and media, between five and eight suspects escaped that day.[36]
Security forces carried out a controlled explosion of a suspicious package found near the Atocha station and subsequently deactivated the two undetonated devices on the Téllez train. A third unexploded device was later brought from the station at El Pozo to a police station in Vallecas, and became a central piece of evidence for the investigation. It appears that the El Pozo bomb failed to detonate because a cell-phone alarm used to trigger the bomb was set 12 hours late.[80]
Conspiracy theories
Sectors of the People's Party (PP), and certain media, such as El Mundo newspaper and the COPE radio station,[81] continue to support theories relating the attack to a vast conspiracy to remove the governing party from power. Support for the conspiracy was also given by the Asociación de Víctimas del Terrorismo (AVT), Spain's largest association of victims of terrorism.
These theories speculate that ETA and members of the security forces and national and foreign (Moroccan) secret services were involved in the bombings.[82][83] Defenders of the claims that ETA participated in some form in the 11 March attacks have affirmed that there is circumstantial evidence linking the Islamic extremists with two ETA members who were detained while driving the outskirts of Madrid in a van containing 500 kg of explosives 11 days before the train bombings.[84] The Madrid judge Coro Cillán continued to hear conspiracy theory cases, including one accusing government officials of ordering the scrapping of the bombed train cars in order to destroy evidence.[85]
Invasion of Iraq policy
The public seemed convinced that the Madrid Bombings were a result of the Aznar government's alignment with the U.S. and its invasion of Iraq. The terrorists behind the 11-M attack were somewhat successful because of the election outcome. Before the attack, the incumbent Popular Party led the polls by 5 percent. It is believed that the Popular Party would have won the election if it had not been for the terrorist attack. The Socialist Party, led by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, ended up winning the election by 5%. The Socialist Party had called for the removal of Spanish troops from Iraq during its campaigning. Rodríguez Zapatero promised to remove Spanish troops by 30 June 2004, and the troops were withdrawn a month earlier than expected. Twenty-eight percent of voters said that the bombings influenced their opinions and vote. An estimated 1 million voters switched their vote to the Socialist Party after the Madrid bombings. These voters who switched their votes were no longer willing to support the Popular Party's stance on war policy. The bombings also influenced 1,700,000 citizens to vote who did not plan on originally voting. On the other hand, the terrorist attacks discouraged 300,000 people from voting. Overall, there was a net 4 percent increase in voter turnout.[86]
Trial
Judge Juan del Olmo found "local cells of Islamic extremists inspired through the Internet" guilty for the 11 March attacks,[30] rather than the Armed Islamic Group or the Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group. These local cells consisted of hashish traffickers of Moroccan origin, remotely linked to an al-Qaeda cell that had been already captured. These groups bought the explosives (dynamite Goma-2 ECO) from low-level thieves, police and Guardia Civil informers in Asturias using money from the small-scale drug trafficking.[87]
According to El Mundo, "the notes found on the Moroccan informer 'Cartagena' prove that the Police had the leaders of the cell responsible for the 11 March attacks under surveillance." However, none of the notes refer to the preparation of any terrorist attack.[88]
The trial of 29 defendants began on 15 February 2007. According to El País, "the Court dismantled one by one all conspiracy theories" and demonstrated that any link with or involvement in the bombings by ETA was either misleading or groundless. During the trial the defendants retracted their previous statements and denied any involvement.[89][90][91] According to El Mundo the questions of "by whom, why, when and where the Madrid train attacks were planned" are still "unanswered", because the alleged masterminds of the attacks were acquitted. El Mundo also claimed -among other misgivings[92][93][94] that the Spanish judiciary reached "scientifically unsound" conclusions about the kind of explosives used in the trains,[95] and that no direct al-Qaeda link was found, thus "debunking the key argument of the official version".[96] Anthropologist Scott Atran described the Madrid trial as "a complete farce" pointing out the fact that "There isn't the slightest bit of evidence of any operational relationship with al-Qaida". Instead, "The overwhelming majority of [terrorist cells] in Europe have nothing to do with al-Qaida other than a vague relationship of ideology."[54]
Though the trial proceeded smoothly in its opening months, 14 of the 29 defendants began a hunger strike in May, protesting against the allegedly "unfair" role of political parties and media in the legal proceedings. Judge Javier Gómez Bermúdez refused to suspend the trial despite the strike, and the hunger strikers ended their fast on 21 May.[97]
The last hearing of the trial was held on 2 July 2007.[98]
On 31 October 2007, the Audiencia Nacional of Spain handed down its judgements. Of the 28 defendants in the trial, 21 were found guilty on a range of charges from forgery to murder. Two of the defendants were sentenced each to more than 40,000 years in prison.[99][100]
Police surveillance and informants
In the investigations carried out to find out what went wrong in the security services, many individual instances of negligence and miscoordination between different branches of the police were found. The group dealing with Islamist extremists was very small and in spite of having carried out some surveillances, they were unable to stop the bombings. Also, some of the criminals involved in the "Little Mafia" who provided the explosives were police informants and had leaked to their case officers some tips that were not followed up on.
Some of the alleged perpetrators of the bombing were reportedly under surveillance by the Spanish police since 2001.[101][102][103]
At the time of the Madrid bombings, Spain was well equipped with internal security structures that were, for the most part, effective in the fight against terrorism. It became evident that there were coordination issues between police forces as well as within each of them. The Interior Ministry focused on correcting these weaknesses. It was Spain's goal to strengthen its police intelligence in order to deal with the risks and threats of international terrorism. This decision for the National Police and the Guardia Civil to strengthen their counter-terrorism services, led to an increase in jobs aimed at preventing and fighting global terrorism. Counter-terrorism services increased its employment by nearly 35% during the legislature. Human resources in external information services, dealing with international terrorism, grew by 72% in the National Police force and 22% in the Guardia Civil.[104]
The authorship of the bombings remains a controversial issue in Spain. Sectors of the Partido Popular (PP) and some of the PP-friendly media outlets (primarily El Mundo and the Libertad Digital radio station) claim that there are inconsistencies and contradictions in the Spanish judicial investigation.
As Spanish and international investigations continue to claim the unlikeliness of ETA's active implication, these claims have shifted from direct accusations involving the Basque separatist organisation[105] to less specific insinuations and general scepticism.[106]
Additionally, there is controversy over the events that took place between the bombings and the general elections held three days later.[107][108]
In the aftermath of the bombings, there were massive street demonstrations across Spain to protest against the train bombings.[109]
Two people died in political violence about the ETA controversy.[110]
The international reaction was also notable, as the scale of the attack became clearer.
Memorial service for victims
A memorial service for the victims of this incident was held on 25 March 2004 at the Almudena Cathedral. It was attended by King Juan Carlos I, Queen Sofía, the victims' families, and representatives from numerous other countries, including British prime minister Tony Blair, French president Jacques Chirac, German chancellor Gerhard Schröder, and U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell.[111]
^ abZoomNews (in Spanish). The 192nd victim (Laura Vega) died in 2014, after a decade in coma in a hospital of Madrid. She was the last hospitalized injured person.
^ abcdGenzmer, Herbert; Kershner, Sybille; Schutz, Christian. Great Disasters. p. 197. ISBN9781445410968.
^ abcdElizabeth Nash (7 November 2006). "Madrid bombers 'were inspired by bin Laden address'". The Independent. UK. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2010. While the bombers may have been inspired by bin Laden, a two-year investigation into the attacks has found no evidence that al-Qa'ida helped plan, finance or carry out the bombings, or even knew about them in advance. Ten bombs in backpacks and other small bags, such as gym bags, exploded. One bomb did not explode and was defused. The police did controlled explosions on three other bombs.
^"Trial Opens in Madrid for Train Bombings That Killed 191". KABC-TV Los Angeles. 15 February 2007. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. The cell was inspired by al-Qaida but had no direct links to it, nor did it receive financing from Osama bin Laden's terrorist organization, Spanish investigators say
^ ab92% of the Spanish population expressed its disagreement with the intervention Clarin.com, 29 March 2003.
^Cf. Meso Ayeldi, K. "Teléfonos móviles e Internet, nuevas tecnologías para construir un espacio público contrainformativo: El ejemplo de los flash mob en la tarde del 13M" Universidad de La LagunaArchived 19 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; accessed 1 June 2018.
^O'Neill, Sean (15 February 2007). "Spain furious as US blocks access to Madrid bombing 'chief'". The Times. London, UK. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 16 February 2010. The al-Qaeda leader who created, trained and directed the terrorist cell that carried out the Madrid train bombings has been held in a CIA "ghost prison" for more than a year.
^PDFArchived 10 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine "Anyway, to this day here has never been any example of a terrorist action by international Islamists made in collaboration with non-Muslims." French original: Il n'y a d'ailleurs à ce jour aucun example d'une action terroriste menée par des islamistes internationalistes en collaboration avec des non-musulmans
^Francie Grace (15 March 2004). "Voters Oust Spanish Government". CBS News. Archived from the original on 8 November 2015. On Sunday, a Basque-language daily published a statement by ETA in which the group for a second time denied involvement in the attacks
^LosTEDAX revisaron "dos veces" todos los vagones del 11-M sin encontrar Goma 2 ni la mochila de Vallecas (Libertad Digital)Archived 28 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine
^CBS News: Madrid Massacre Probe Widens. Madrid, 11 March 2004 "The bombers used Titadine, a kind of compressed dynamite also found in a bomb-laden van intercepted last month as it headed for Madrid, a source at Aznar's office said, speaking on condition of anonymity. Officials blamed ETA then, too."
^Madrid: The Aftermath: Spain admits bombs were the work of Islamists "For the first time in its history al-Qa'ida has used not the cheap and primitive fertiliser-based bombs familiar in attacks from Yemen to Istanbul, but Goma 2 ECO gelignite, detonated by mobile phones. This sophisticated twin technique has previously been the trademark of ETA, the Basque separatist group."[dead link]
^Los agujeros negros del 11-MEl Mundo, 19 April 2004. Article defending a number of conspiracy theories related to the bombings.
^Madrid: The Aftermath: Spain admits bombs were the work of Islamists "Connections have also been drawn between the drivers of a van found on the outskirts of Madrid on 29 February containing 500 kg of explosive and the Islamists: the two men in the van are alleged to be members of ETA, and also to have been among a group of Basques who expressed strong support for Iraq against the Anglo-American invasion. But so far the evidence does not go beyond the circumstantial." Retrieved 1 September 2009. Archived 4 September 2009.
^El País 31 January 2012 edition (Madrid newspaper)
^"Spanish investigators confident"Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine "The lead suspect is Jamal Zougam, who allegedly has close ties with Islamist militants and has been under watch by Spanish, French and Moroccan agents since 2001 at least."
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Bài này nói về Năng suất lực lượng lao động. Nó không nên bị nhầm lẫn với Năng suất lao động. Kinh tế họcGDP trên đầu người các quốc gia (Ngân hàng Thế giới, 2014) Đề cương các chủ đề Phân loại tổng quát Kinh tế học vi mô Kinh tế học vĩ mô Lịch sử tư tưởng kinh tế Phương pháp luận Các tiếp cận không chính thống Các phương pháp kỹ thuật Kinh tế lượng Thực chứng Toán học K
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) شعب الذئب قرية الإحداثيات 16°32′54″N 42°58′42″E / 16.54833°N 42.97833°E / 16.54833; 42.97833 تقسيم إداري مملكة …
Sekolah Tinggi Informatika dan Komputer IndonesiaELANG, lambang STIKI Malang.MotoExpert, Loyal, Active, Nationalist, GentleMoto dalam bahasa IndonesiaAhli, Setia, Aktif, Nasionalis, JantanJenisPerguruan tinggi swasta berstatus YayasanDidirikan1985RektorDr. Eva Handriyantini, S.Kom, M.MT (sejak 2009)Staf akademikxxx (2012)Staf administrasixxx (2012)Jumlah mahasiswaxxx (2009)Sarjanaxxx (2009)Magisterxxx (2009)LokasiMalang, Jawa Timur, IndonesiaKampusUrbanWarnaAbu-abuNama julukanKampus ELANGAf…
For the yacht/social club in Hong Kong of the same name, see Middle Island, Hong Kong. Aberdeen Boat ClubLocation29 S Esplanade W, AberdeenCoordinates57°08′15″N 2°05′36″W / 57.1374°N 2.0932°W / 57.1374; -2.0932Home waterTidal, embanked, River Dee, AberdeenshireFounded1865AffiliationsScottish RowingWebsitewww.abc-dee.co.uk Aberdeen Boat Club is a rowing club on the River Dee, based at 29 S Esplanade W, Aberdeen.[1] The club is affiliated to Scottish Row…
American diplomat Fulton Freeman, American ambassador to Mexico, and Mayor John F. Collins during Mexico Week in Boston (April 17–23, 1966) Fulton Freeman (May 7, 1915 Pasadena, California - December 14, 1974) was the American ambassador to Mexico (1964-1969) and Colombia (1961-1964),[1][2] and president of the Monterey Institute of Foreign Studies since 1969.[3] Freeman graduated from Pomona College in 1937.[3] External links The Association for Diplomatic Stud…
Dieser Artikel wurde wegen inhaltlicher Mängel auf der Qualitätssicherungsseite der Redaktion Film und Fernsehen eingetragen. Beteilige dich an der Verbesserung dieses Artikels und entferne diesen Baustein sowie den Eintrag zum Artikel, wenn du der Meinung bist, dass die angegebenen Mängel behoben wurden. Bitte beachte dazu auch die Richtlinien des Themenbereichs und die dort vereinbarten Mindestanforderungen. Mängel: Große Teile des Artikeltexts sind aus en:Filmmaking technique of Akira Ku…
TsourekiRoti Natal ChristopsomoJenisRoti manisTempat asalYunaniVariasiVersi asam Tsoureki (bahasa Yunani: τσουρέκι), adalah sebuah roti hari raya manis yang terbuat dari tepung, susu, mentega dan gula dan umumnya dibumbui dengan kulit jeruk, resin mastic atau mahlab. Satu variasi umum disebut roti Paskah yang dibuat oleh komunitas-komunitas Yunani saat Paskah, tak hanya di Yunani, namun juga di negara-negara lain dengan komunitas-komunitas Yunani. Roti tersebut terkadang juga disebut…
Fenolftalein Nama Nama IUPAC 3,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one Penanda Nomor CAS 77-09-8 Y Model 3D (JSmol) Gambar interaktif 3DMet {{{3DMet}}} ChEMBL ChEMBL63857 Y ChemSpider 4600 Y DrugBank DB04824 N Nomor EC KEGG D05456 Y PubChem CID 4764 Nomor RTECS {{{value}}} UNII 6QK969R2IF N CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID0021125 InChI InChI=1S/C20H14O4/c21-15-9-5-13(6-10-15)20(14-7-11-16(22)12-8-14)18-4-2-1-3-17(18)19(23)24-20/h1-12,21-22H YKey: KJFMB…
1925 film Bad CompanyAdvertisementDirected byEdward H. GriffithWritten byGeorge V. HobartArthur HoerlBased onThe Ultimate Goodby John C. BrownellProduced bySt. Regis PicturesStarringMadge KennedyConway TearleBigelow CooperCinematographyMarcel PicardWalter ArthurProductioncompanySt. Regis PicturesDistributed byAssociated ExhibitorsRelease date February 15, 1925 (1925-02-15) Running time50 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageSilent (English intertitles) Bad Company is a 1925 American…
2018 San Jose mayoral election ← 2014 June 5, 2018 2022 → Candidate Sam Liccardo Steve Brown Popular vote 120,846 22,764 Percentage 75.84% 14.29% Candidate Quangminh Pham Tyrone Wade Popular vote 11,330 4,406 Percentage 7.11% 2.8 Mayor before election Sam Liccardo Elected Mayor Sam Liccardo Elections in California Federal government U.S. President 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932…
Ludwig Straus (March 28, 1835 – October 23, 1899) was an Austrian violinist. Ludwig Strauss (musician) Straus was born at Pressburg. He studied at the Vienna Conservatorium from 1843 to 1848, as a pupil of Böhm; made his first appearance in 1850, and five years afterwards made a tour in Italy; in 1857 he became acquainted with his lifelong friend, the cellist Piatti, and toured with him in Germany and Sweden. From 1860 to 1864 he was concert-meister at Frankfurt, and during these years he vis…
Rush City Plaats in de Verenigde Staten Vlag van Verenigde Staten Locatie van Rush City in Minnesota Locatie van Minnesota in de VS Situering County Chisago County Type plaats City Staat Minnesota Coördinaten 45° 41′ NB, 92° 58′ WL Algemeen Oppervlakte 7,9 km² - land 7,9 km² - water 0,0 km² Inwoners (2006) 3.035 Hoogte 279 m Overig ZIP-code(s) 55069 FIPS-code 56266 Portaal Verenigde Staten Rush City is een plaats (city) in de Amerikaanse staat Minnesota, en valt be…
American actor Cody ChristianChristian at the 2017 San Diego Comic-ConBornCody Allen Christian (1995-04-15) April 15, 1995 (age 28)[1]Portland, Maine, U.S.OccupationActorYears active2006–present Cody Allen Christian (born April 15, 1995)[1][2] is an American actor. He is known for his recurring role as Mike Montgomery in the ABC Family/Freeform series Pretty Little Liars,[1] and for his role as Theo Raeken from the fifth and sixth seasons of the MTV se…
Rare wild jaguar sighted in Arizona, U.S. El JefeEl Jefe in Arizona, 2013SpeciesJaguarSexMaleBornLikely Sierra Madre, northwest Mexico[1]Known forBeing one of the few wild jaguars to have been recently sighted in the U.S.A.[1]ResidenceMexico, North America[2] El Jefe is an adult, male jaguar that was seen in Arizona.[1] He was first recorded in the Whetstone Mountains in November 2011,[3] and was later photographed over several years in the Santa Rita…
Sport division of the Seven Network in Australia Seven SportNetworkSeven NetworkLaunched1957Country of originAustraliaOwnerSeven West MediaKey peopleLewis Martin (Network Head of Sport)HeadquartersDocklands, Melbourne, VictoriaMajor broadcasting contractsAFLAFLWNFLSuper BowlInternational Test CricketInternational Women's CricketBig Bash LeagueWomen's Big Bash LeagueTour Down UnderSupercars ChampionshipSister networkSeven Network7two7mate7plusOfficial website7plus.com.au/sport Seven Sport is the …
Cut Numbers AuthorNick ToschesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenreNovelPublisherHarmony (USA)Publication dateJune 15, 1988 (USA)Media typePrint (Hardback & Paperback)Pages233 pp (hardback first edition)ISBN0-517-56870-5Dewey Decimal813/.54 19LC ClassPS3570.O74 C88 1988 Cut Numbers is the first novel by Nick Tosches.[1][2] It involves small-time criminals struggling to maintain the financial viability of their cut numbers game after the implementation of the New …
Dominican basketball player and college coach In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Antigua and the second or maternal family name is Fernández. Orlando AntiguaCurrent positionTitleAssistant coachTeamKentuckyConferenceSECBiographical detailsBorn (1973-02-20) February 20, 1973 (age 50)Dominican RepublicPlaying career1989, 1991–1993Gigantes de Carolina1991–1995Pittsburgh1995–2002Harlem Globetrotters1996–1997Gigantes de Carolina2000Mets de Guaynabo Position(s)…
AwardResistance Medal 1940–1945Resistance Medal 1940–1945 (obverse)TypeWar medalAwarded forService in the resistance or in undercover intelligence gatheringPresented by BelgiumEligibilityBelgian citizensStatusNo longer awardedEstablished16 February 1946Reverse of the medalRibbon bar The Resistance Medal 1940–1945 (French: Médaille de la Résistance 1940–1945, Dutch: Medaille van de Weerstand 1940–1945) was a Belgian war medal established by royal decree of the Regent on 16 February 19…
United Nations mediation of the India–Pakistan dispute in Kashmir United Nations blue beret with UN badge worn by UN Military Observer Richard Cooper in India and Kashmir, circa 1973-1974 The United Nations has played an advisory role in maintaining peace and order in the Kashmir region soon after the independence and partition of British India into the dominions of Pakistan and India in 1947, when a dispute erupted between the two new States on the question of accession over the princely stat…
Uzbek footballer (born 1993) Igor Sergeyev Sergeyev with Pakhtakor Tashkent in 2019Personal informationFull name Igor Vladimirovich SergeyevDate of birth (1993-04-30) 30 April 1993 (age 30)Place of birth Tashkent, UzbekistanHeight 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)[1]Position(s) StrikerTeam informationCurrent team BG Pathum UnitedNumber 11Senior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2011–2018 Pakhtakor Tashkent 122 (61)2016 → Beijing Guoan (loan) 14 (1)2018 Al Dhafra 10 (1)2018–2021 Pakh…
Air Terjun WeraAir Terjun WeraAir Terjun WeraLokasi Air Terjun Wera di SulawesiLokasi Balumpewa, Kabupaten SigiKoordinat1°02′40.3″S 119°51′01.5″E / 1.044528°S 119.850417°E / -1.044528; 119.850417Koordinat: 1°02′40.3″S 119°51′01.5″E / 1.044528°S 119.850417°E / -1.044528; 119.850417Tinggi total80 m Air Terjun Wera merupakan air terjun yang terletak di Desa Balumpewa, Dolo Barat, Kabupaten Sigi, Sulawesi Tengah. Air terjun ini …
1989 compilation album by Toy DollsTen Years Of ToysCompilation album by Toy DollsReleased1989Recorded1979–1989GenrePunkLength49:24LabelNeat RecordsProducerMichael Algar, Keith NicholToy Dolls chronology Bare Faced Cheek(1987) Ten Years Of Toys(1989) Wakey Wakey(1989) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic[1] Ten Years Of Toys is a compilation album by English punk-rock group, Toy Dolls, released in 1989. The cover image was designed and photographed by Tony Gray…
Anjing laut gajah utara Periode Pleistosen-sekarang [1] Mirounga angustirostris Rekaman Status konservasiRisiko rendahIUCN13581 TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasMammaliaOrdoCarnivoraFamiliPhocidaeGenusMiroungaSpesiesMirounga angustirostris (Gill, 1866) Tata namaSinonim taksonMacrorhinus angustirostris (en) ProtonimMacrorhinus angustirostris Distribusi lbs Anjing laut gajah utara (Mirounga angustirostris) adalah salah satu dari dua spesies anjing laut gajah (yang lainnya adalah …