1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election

1980 Kerala state assembly election
← 1977 3 January and 5 January 1980 1982 →
All 140 seats in the Kerala Legislative Assembly
71 seats needed for a majority
Turnout72.23%
  First party Second party
 
E.K.Nayanar 1.jpg
Karunakaran_Kannoth.jpg
Leader E.K. Nayanar K. Karunakaran
Party CPI(M) INC
Alliance LDF UDF
Leader's seat Malampuzha Mala
Seats won 93 46
Seat change New New
Kerala, India
Kerala, one of the states in South India, has an electorate of more than 21 million people.
Chief Minister before election

President's Rule

 Chief Minister

E. K. Nayanar
CPI(M)

Elections were held on 1980 January 3 and 5 to elect members to the sixth Niyamasabha. This election saw the formation of two pre-poll alliances, viz. LDF and UDF, most of whose constituent parties were part of the erstwhile United Front. CPI(M)-led LDF to win the election, after winning 93 seats altogether. E. K. Nayanar was sworn in as the Chief Minister on 26 March 1980 [1]

History

The Congress party had split into two splinter parties, the INC (I) and the INC (U). Kerala Congress too underwent a split, with the formation of KC (M) and the KC (J). The ML (O) assumed the name AIML.[2] The United Front which won the 1977 election, had dissolved in 1979 which lead to the creation of two long-running alliance formula in the state:

  • The United Democratic Front (UDF) consisting of the INC (I), the IUML, the KC (J), the PSP, the NDP, and the SRP
  • The Left Democratic Front (LDF) comprising, the CPM, the CPI, the INC (U), the KC (M), the KC (PG), the AIML, and the RSP

Results

Party Wise Results

Party Wise Results[1]
Party Seats Alliance
Communist Party of India (CPI) 17 Left Democratic Front
Communist Party of Indian (Marxist) (CPM) 35
Indian National Congress (U) (INC (U)) 21
Kerala Congress (Pillai Group) (KCP) 1
Kerala Congress (M) (KCM) 8
All India Muslim League (AIMUL) 5
Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP) 6
Indian National Congress (I) (INC (I)) 17 United Democratic Front
Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) 14
Kerala Congress (J) (KEC) 6
Janata Party (JNP) 5
National Democratic Party (NDP) 3
Praja Socialist Party (PSP) 1
Independent (IND) 1 N/A
Total 140 LDF-93, UDF-46, IND-1

Constituency Wise Results

Detailed constituency-wise Results[3][4]
Sl No. Constituency Name Category Winner Candidates Name Gender Party Vote Runner-up Candidates Name Gender Party vote
1 Manjeshwar GEN Dr. A. Subba Rao M CPI 20816 Chorkalam Abdullah M MUL 20660
2 Kasaragod GEN C. T. Ahamedali M MUL 30793 Gorvacis Areeckal M KEC 14113
3 Udma GEN K. Purushothaman M CPM 31948 N. K. Balakrishnan M IND 26928
4 Hosdrug SC K. T. Kumaran M CPI 42136 T. Kumaran Master M INC(I) 32031
5 Trikaripur GEN P. Karunakaran M CPM 47643 K. P. Kunhikannan M INC(I) 32026
6 Irikkur GEN Ram Chandran Kacannoppally M INC(U) 37440 Dr. K. C. Joseph M KCJ 31992
7 Payyannur GEN N. Subrammaniya Shenoy M CPM 46351 T. V. Koran M IND 26939
8 Taliparamba GEN C. P. Moossan Kutty M CPM 47420 Chandren T. P. M IND 30829
9 Azhikode GEN P. Devooty F CPM 38985 T. V. Narayanan M INC(I) 24502
10 Cannanore GEN P. Bhaskaran M JNP 35565 O. Bharathan M CPM 35216
11 Edakkad GEN P. P. V. Moosa M IML 39843 K. Sudhakaran M JNP 29886
12 Tellicherry GEN M. V. Rajagopalan M CPM 42673 V. P. Marakikar M INC(I) 25971
13 Peringalam GEN A. K. Saseendran M INC(U) 38049 K. C. Marar M JNP 32159
14 Kuthuparamba GEN N. V. Raghavan M CPM 44207 R. Karunakaran M IND 22556
15 Peravoor GEN K. P. Noorudeen M INC(U) 45486 C. M. Karunakaran Nambiar M INC(I) 31370
16 North Wayanad ST M. V. Rajan Master M INC(I) 33723 A. Gopalan M CPM 29940
17 Badagara GEN K. Chandra Sekharan M JNP 41684 P. V. Kunhikannan M CPM 40322
18 Nadapuram GEN K. T. Kanaran M CPI 42680 Dr. K. G. Adiyedi M INC(I) 36940
19 Meppayur GEN A. V. Abdulurahiman Haji M IML 43851 P. K. K. Bava M MUL 36044
20 Quilandy GEN Manimangalath Kuttialy M INC(I) 42171 P. K. Sankaran M CPM 37143
21 Perambra GEN V. V. Dakshinamoorthy M CPM 44695 K. A. Devassia M KCJ 35227
22 Balusseri GEN A. C. Shanmukhadas M INC(U) 39664 P. K. Sankaran Kutty M JNP 30716
23 Koduvally GEN P. V. Mohammed M MUL 41134 K. Moossakutty M CPM 35608
24 Calicut- I GEN N. Chandrasekhara Kurup M CPM 41796 K. T. Raghavan M INC(I) 38011
25 Calicut- II GEN P. M. Abubackar M IML 40160 C. K. Nanu M JNP 34931
26 Beypore GEN N. P. Moideen M INC(U) 43360 N. K. Abdulla Koya M MUL 36052
27 Kunnamangalam SC K. P. Raman M IML 35234 K. Gopalan M INC(I) 31173
28 Thiruvambady GEN P. Cyriac John M INC(U) 35623 N. M. Hussain M MUL 29953
29 Kalpetta GEN M. Kamalam F JNP 37442 K. Abdul Khader M RSP 24403
30 Sultan's Battery GEN K. K. Ramachandran Master M INC(I) 36974 P. T. Jose M KEC 29580
31 Wandoor SC M. A. Kuttappan M INC(I) 35187 P. Suresh M INC(U) 29298
32 Nilambur GEN C. Haridas M INC(U) 41744 T. K. Hamsa M INC(I) 35321
32 1 Nilambur GEN A.Mohammad M INC(U) 49609 M.R.Chandran M INC(I) 31768
33 Manjeri GEN C. H. Mohamed Koya M MUL 43209 M. P. M. Aboobacker Kunikkal M IML 21905
33 2 Manjeri GEN I.Kurikkal.M.P.M M MUL 47988 M.C.Mohammed M IML 26179
34 Malappuram GEN U. A. Beeran M MUL 36602 T. K. F. M. A. Muthukoya Thangal M IML 17272
35 Kondotty GEN P. Seethi Haji M MUL 41848 M. C. Mohamed M IML 26650
36 Tirurangadi GEN Avukkaderkutty Maha M MUL 37775 K. Koyakunhi Naha M CPI 25816
37 Tanur GEN E. Ahmmed M MUL 38998 U. K. Bhasy M INC(U) 15265
38 Tirur GEN P. T. Kunhi Mohammed Alias Kunhutty Hajee M MUL 38469 Mohammed S/O Abdu M IML 36201
39 Ponnani GEN K. Sreedharan M CPM 38791 P. T. Kohanakrishnan M INC(I) 36475
40 Kuttippuram GEN Korambayil Ahammed Haji M MUL 33863 P. V. S. Musthafa Pookkoya Thangal M IML 15703
41 Mankada GEN K. P. Majeed M MUL 35623 Abu Haji K. M IML 31861
42 Perinthalmanna GEN Nalakath Sooppy M MUL 37203 Paloli Mohammed Kutty M CPM 33289
43 Thrithala SC M. P. Thami M INC(I) 30214 N. Subbayyan M INC(U) 29595
44 Pattambi GEN M. P. Gangadharan M INC(I) 31570 E. P. Gopalan M CPI 28119
45 Ottapalam GEN V. C. Kabeer M INC(U) 23683 P. R. Nambiar M JNP 20499
46 Sreekrishnapuram GEN K. Sankaranarayanan M INC(I) 33532 M. P. Kunju M CPM 33114
47 Mannarkkad GEN A. P. Hamza M MUL 30091 A. N. Yusuf M CPI 28703
48 Malampuzha GEN E. K. Nayanar M CPM 35333 K. Rajan M JNP 19776
49 Palghat GEN C. M. Sundaram M IND 35902 K. A. Chandran M INC(U) 25695
50 Chittur GEN K. Krishnankutty M JNP 23882 P. Sankar M CPI 23578
51 Kollengode GEN C. Vasudeva Menon M CPM 36688 A. Sunna Sahib M INC(I) 34156
52 Coyalmannam SC T. K. Arumughan M CPM 34530 V. Mani M INC(I) 28210
53 Alathur GEN C. T. Krishnan M CPM 36244 K. P. Kaladharan M IND 30262
54 Chelakara SC K. K. Balakrishnan M INC(I) 32024 K. S. Sankaran M CPM 30899
55 Wadakkanchery GEN K. S. Narayanan Namboodri M INC(I) 34658 A. Padmanabhan M CPM 32391
56 Kunnamkulam GEN K. P. Viswanathan M INC(U) 33127 N. Madhava M IND 16421
57 Cherpu GEN K. P. Prabhakaran M CPI 35973 Therambil Ramakrishnan M IND 29253
58 Trichur GEN M. K. Kannan M CPM 32296 K. J. George M JNP 28872
59 Ollur GEN Raghavan Poshakadavil M INC(I) 32302 Francis P. R. M INC(U) 32277
60 Kodakara GEN Lonappan Nambadan M KEC 29023 V. L. Lonappan M INC(I) 24503
61 Chalakudi GEN P. K. Ittoop M KEC 30786 P. A. Thomas M INC(I) 30657
62 Mala GEN K. Karunakaran M INC(I) 35964 Paul Kokkat M CPM 32562
63 Irinjalakuda GEN Joes Thanickal M INC(U) 36086 A. P. George M JNP 28396
64 Manalur GEN V. M. Sudheeran M INC(U) 35551 N. I. Devassikutty M INC(I) 27619
65 Guruvayoor GEN B. V. Seethi Thangal M MUL 30176 C. K. Kumaran M CPM 28424
66 Nattika GEN P. K. Gopalakrishnan M CPI 31463 K. Moidu M JNP 26900
67 Kodungallur GEN V. K. Rajan M CPI 35567 Kollickatharan Ravi M IND 33047
68 Ankamali GEN A. P. Kurrian M CPM 40565 P. J. Joy M JNP 38759
69 Vadakkekara GEN T. K. Abdu M CPM 38387 P. N. Sukumaran Nair M JNP 26640
70 Parur GEN A. C. Jose M INC(U) 31246 K. P. George M IND 26761
70 2 Parur GEN A.C.Jose M IND 32781 S.Pillai M CPI 31335
71 Narakkal SC M. K. Krishnan M CPM 34932 T. K. C. Vaduthala M IND 31959
72 Ernakulam GEN A. L. Jacob M INC(I) 36668 K. N. Ravindranath M CPM 36091
73 Mattancherry GEN M. J. Zakaria M IML 26543 A. S. Abdulrahiman M JNP 24757
74 Palluruthy GEN T. P. Peethambaran Master M INC(U) 40879 T. T. Mathew M KCJ 33663
75 Thrippunithura GEN T. K. Ramakrishnan M CPM 44813 H. N. Velayudhan Nair M IND 34720
76 Alwaye GEN K. Mohammed Ali M INC(U) 46291 T. H. Mustaffa M INC(I) 39962
77 Perumbavoor GEN P. R. Sivan M CPM 40525 Kochunny Master A. A. M INC(I) 33455
78 Kunnathunad GEN P. P. Esthose M CPM 36460 P. P. Thankachan M INC(I) 36027
79 Piravom GEN P. C. Chaeko M INC(U) 38659 C. Paulose M IND 35408
80 Muvattupuzha GEN V. Joseph M KCJ 37044 Johny Nelloor Varkey M KEC 33523
81 Kothamangalam GEN T. M. Jacob M KCJ 40356 M. V. Mani M KEC 32843
82 Thodupuzha GEN P. J. Joseph M KCJ 43410 Kusuman Joseph F INC(U) 33093
83 Devicolam SC G. Varadan M CPM 36346 P. A. Prakash M IND 19951
84 Idukki GEN Jose Kuttyani M INC(I) 33367 V. T. Sebastian M KEC 28838
85 Udumbanchola GEN Thomas Joseph M KEC 38417 Pachady Sreedaran M IND 33030
86 Peermade GEN C. A. Kurian M CPI 34795 Michaal Manarkattu M INC(I) 31444
87 Kanjirappally GEN Thomas Kallampally M KEC 33172 Joseph Varanam M KCJ 31167
88 Vazhoor GEN M. K. Joseph M KEC 27819 P. S. John M INC(I) 16377
89 Changanacherry GEN C. F. Thomas M KEC 37041 K. J. Chacko M KCJ 34408
90 Kottayam GEN K. M. Abraham M CPM 37588 P. B. R. Pillai M JNP 25624
91 Ettumanoor GEN Vaikom Viswan M CPM 34239 George Joseph Podipara M IND 33865
92 Puthuppally GEN Oommen Chandy M INC(U) 38612 M. R. G. Panicker M IND 24953
93 Poonjar GEN P. C. George M KCJ 25806 V. J. Joseph M KEC 24658
94 Palai GEN K. N. Mani M KEC 38739 M. M. Jacob M INC(I) 34173
95 Kaduthuruthy GEN O. Lukose M KEC 32863 E. J. Lukose M KCJ 31577
96 Vaikom SC M. K. Kesavan M CPI 40590 Gopalan M IND 28098
97 Aroor GEN K. R. Gouri F CPM 44219 T. K. Sadanandan (Sadanadan Kunjan) M INC(I) 31855
98 Sherthalai GEN P. S. Sreenivasan M CPI 38613 Joseph Mathan M JNP 27200
99 Mararikulam GEN A. V. Thamarakshan M RSP 45714 Raju Gangadharan M IND 35885
100 Alleppey GEN P. K. Vasudevan Nair M CPI 34786 K. P. Ramchandran Nair M IND 33783
101 Ambalapuzha GEN P. K. Chandranandan M CPM 36009 V. Dinakaran M IND 32884
102 Kuttanad GEN Ooman Mathew M KCJ 37346 K. P. Joseph M CPM 33256
103 Haripad GEN C. B. Warrier M CPM 41514 G. P. Mangalathu Madem M INC(I) 38105
104 Kayamkulam GEN Thachedy Prabhakaran M INC(U) 41320 Thundathil Kunjukrishna Pillai M INC(I) 29718
105 Thiruvalla GEN P. C. Thomas M JNP 29485 Varghese Karippavil M KCP 28285
106 Kallooppara GEN K. A. Mathew M KCJ 29399 C. A. Mathew M KEC 24261
107 Aranmula GEN K. K. Sreenivasan M INC(I) 30227 Thoppil Ravi M INC(U) 27121
108 Chengannur GEN K. R. Saraswathi Amma F IND 35910 Thomas Kuthiravattom M KEC 31610
109 Mavelikara GEN S. Govinda Kurup M CPM 37990 N. Bhaskaran Nair M IND 32063
110 Pandalam SC P. K. Velayudhan M INC(U) 39890 P. S. Rajan M INC(I) 32376
111 Ranni GEN M. C. Cherian M INC(U) 31243 Sunny Panavelil M INC(I) 30097
112 Pathanamthitta GEN K. K. Nair M IND 27549 Eapan Varughese M KCJ 25566
113 Konni GEN V. S. Chandra Sekhar Pillai M CPM 33107 G. Gopinadhan Nair M INC(U) 31054
114 Pathanapuram GEN E. K. Pillai M CPI 37527 Bava Sahib M IND 28328
115 Punalur GEN P. K. Sreenivasan M CPI 36133 Sam Oommen Oommen M KCJ 33920
115 2 Punalur GEN V.S.Pillai M KCJ 46553 P.K.Sreenivasan M CPI 45579
116 Chadayamangalam GEN E. Chandrasekharan Nair M CPI 33991 Valiyaveedan Mohammed Kunju M MUL 23107
117 Kottarakkara GEN R. Balakrishna Pillai M KCP 48473 Thevannoor Sreedharan Nair M IND 11762
118 Neduvathur SC C. K. Thankappan M CPM 35041 M. R. Kottara M INC(I) 28784
119 Adoor GEN C. P. Karunakaran Pillai M CPM 31639 Thennala Balakrishna Pillai M INC(I) 28326
120 Kunnathur SC Kallada Narayanan M RSP 40582 Kottakkuzhy Sukumaran M JNP 29686
121 Karunagappally GEN B. M. Sheriff M CPI 35831 T. V. Vijayarajan M IND 33842
122 Chavara GEN Baby John M RSP 41448 C. Rajendran M JNP 24835
123 Kundara GEN V. V. Joseph M CPM 39690 V. Sankara Narayana Pillai M INC(I) 27319
124 Quilon GEN K. Sivadasan M RSP 35749 C. V. Padmarajan M INC(I) 33335
125 Eravipuram GEN R. S. Unni M RSP 45281 A. Yunus Kunju M MUL 31712
126 Chathanoor GEN J. Chitharanjan M CPI 34037 Varinjam Vasu Pillai M JNP 28670
127 Varkala GEN Varkala Radhakrishan M CPM 34148 G. Karthikeyan M INC(I) 26887
128 Attingal GEN Vakkom Purushothaman M INC(U) 35634 Vakkom Devarajan M IND 22561
129 Kilimanoor SC Bhargavi Thunkappan F CPI 36513 V. K. Ram M JNP 14761
130 Vamanapuram GEN Koliyakode N. Krishnan Nair M CPM 38333 A. Nafeesath Beevi F INC(I) 26273
131 Ariyanad GEN K. Pankajakshan M RSP 29108 Charupara Ravi M JNP 27822
132 Nedumangad GEN K. V. Surendranath M CPI 33919 Purathekattu Chandrasekharan Nair M IND 27619
133 Kazhakuttam GEN N. M. Hassan M INC(U) 35739 Lakshmanen Vaidyan M INC(I) 32939
134 Trivandrum North GEN K. Anirudhan M CPM 36460 R. Sundaresan Nair M JNP 34200
135 Trivandrum West GEN P. A. Mohemmed Kannu M MUL 31490 K. C. Vamadevan M RSP 26231
136 Trivandrum East GEN C. S. Neelakantan Nair M IND 33519 K. Sankaranarayana Pillai M INC(U) 32734
137 Nemom GEN E. Ramesan Nair M INC(I) 37589 S. Varaderajan Nair M INC(U) 30312
138 Kovalam GEN M. R. Raghu Chandra Bal M INC(I) 40047 V. Thankayyan M CPI 32526
139 Neyyattinkara GEN R. Sundaresan Nair M IND 39975 R. Parameswaran Pillai M CPM 30331
140 Parassala GEN N. Sundaran Nadar M INC(I) 40680 M. Sathynesan M CPM 26121
1 Bye-poll on 1980
2 Bye-poll on 1984

Aftermath

Formation of Ministry

On 25 January 1980, a 17 member ministry headed by E.K. Nayanar of CPI(M) was sworn in, revoking President's rule.[5]

Withdrawal of support

Despite the thumping majority for the LDF in the Assembly, the Nayanar government’s majority depended on the support of 21 members of the Congress (U), led by A. K. Antony, as well as eight members of the Mani faction of the Kerala Congress. Both of these factions had trouble with the CPI (M) style of rule, and withdrew their support on 16 October 1981, leading to Nayanar’s resignation 4 days later.

Formation of new government

Following two months of uncertainty, Congress (S) decided to suppoer Congress (Indira), and an eight-member ministry was formed on 28 December 1981, with K. Karunakaran, of Indira-Congress, at the helm. It was the twelfth ministry in Kerala. However Karunakaran couldn’t build a comfortable majority either, as troubles began to rise as the Congress (S) split into two factions, 16 members joining the Antony group and six remaining as members of the Chacko group, along with a split in Janata Party.

With these shifts, the Assembly was divided exactly down the middle, with the ruling front of the Congress and the CPI (M)-led Opposition both having 70 MLAs each. The only vote that shifted the balance was Speaker A. C. Jose’s. His casting vote, exercised eight times, was the only thing that kept the Karunakaran government in power for nearly three months.

The deadlock finally came to an end when Lonappan Nambadan, a founder-member of the Kerala Congress – then allied with the ruling United Democratic Front – voted against the government. On 17 March 1982, the Karunakaran government resigned and the Assembly was dissolved. The state came under President’s rule for the eighth time, forcing an interim election in 1982.[6][1]

References

  1. ^ a b c "History of Kerala legislature - Government of Kerala, India". kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  2. ^ "History of Kerala legislature - Government of Kerala, India". kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  3. ^ STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1980 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF KERELA (PDF). ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA. 1987. pp. 4–7.
  4. ^ "Kerala Assembly Election Results in 1980". www.elections.in. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  5. ^ Menon, Amarnath K. (10 February 2014). "Victory of CPI-M-led LDF in Kerala elections manifests swing away from Congress(I)". India Today. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  6. ^ "Kerala Chronicles: How an Assembly Speaker kept a Congress govt afloat for 3 months in 1982". www.thenewsminute.com. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2020.

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Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Sancerre (disambigua). Questa voce sull'argomento centri abitati del Centro-Valle della Loira è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Sancerrecomune (dettagli) Sancerre – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Francia Regione Centro-Valle della Loira Dipartimento Cher ArrondissementBourges CantoneSancerre TerritorioCoordinate47°20′N 2°50′E / 47.333333°N 2.83...

 

Arshak Vramian

Arshak VramianMember of the Ottoman parliament Personal detailsBorn1871Died4 April 1915 Arshak Vramian (Armenian: Արշակ Վռամյան, Arshag Vramian, born Onnik Derdzakian; 1871 – 4 April 1915) was an Armenian revolutionary and a leading member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation; he was a member of the party's Central Committee.[1] He was a leading member during Armenian congress at Erzurum. He was a member of the Ottoman parliament elected from Van Province.[2]...

إنتل كور i5

تحتاج هذه المقالة كاملةً أو أجزاءً منها لإعادة الكتابة حسبَ أسلوب ويكيبيديا. فضلًا، ساهم بإعادة كتابتها لتتوافق معه. (يونيو 2020) يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك به...

 

Gembok cinta

Gembok cinta di Jembatan Repo-Repo, Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara, Kalimantan Timur. Gembok cinta adalah sebuah gembok orang terkasih yang dipasang di sebuah jembatan, pagar, gerbang, monumen dan tempat umum serupa untuk melambangkan rasa cinta mereka.[1] Biasanya, nama atau inisial orang terkasih, dan mungkin tanggal, dituliskan pada gembok tersebut, dan kuncinya dilempar (biasanya ke sungai terdekat) untuk melambangkan cinta yang tak dapat dipatahkan. Referensi ^ Enulescu, Dana (1 Mar...

 

St Antony's College, Oxford

Templat:Infobox residential college St Antony's College adalah salah satu kolese konstituen dari Universitas Oxford di Inggris. Didirikan pada 1950 sebagai hasil dari hadiah pedagang Prancis Sir Antonin Besse asal Aden, St Antony's mengkhususkan diri dalam hubungan internasional, ekonomi, politik dan kajian wilayah terkait Eropa, Rusia, bekas negara-negara Soviet, Amerika Latin, Timur Tengah, Afrika, Jepang, TIongkok dan Asia Tenggara dan Selatan.[1] St Antony's College Kolese tersebu...

Bruce Palmer

Bruce PalmerInformasi latar belakangLahir(1946-09-09)9 September 1946Liverpool, Nova Scotia, KanadaMeninggal1 Oktober 2004(2004-10-01) (umur 58)Belleville, Ontario, KanadaGenreFolk rockPekerjaanMusisiInstrumenBass, gitarTahun aktif1963–1971, 1977, 1982–1986LabelAtlantic, VerveArtis terkaitBuffalo Springfield, The Mynah Birds, Robbie Lane & The Disciples, The Sparrows Bruce Palmer (9 September 1946 – 1 Oktober 2004) adalah seorang musisi asal Kanada. Ia dikenal seb...

 

Red Hood

Various DC Comics characters, first 1951 This article is about the DC character. For the protagonist of the Brothers Grimm's fable, see Little Red Riding Hood. Comics character Red HoodJason Todd as Red Hood on the cover of Red Hood/Arsenal #10 (May 2016). Art by Dexter Soy.Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsFirst comic appearanceAs Joker:Detective Comics #168 (February 1951)As Jason Todd:Batman #635 (February 2005)Red Hood Gang:Batman Vol 2 #0 (November 2012)Created byBill Finger (writ...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!