Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

1968 Israeli raid on Lebanon

1968 Israeli raid on Lebanon
Part of Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon
Burning MEA Caravelle
Planned byIsrael Defense Forces
ObjectiveDestroy Middle East Airlines passenger planes on Beirut International Airport
DateDecember 28, 1968; 55 years ago (1968-12-28)
Executed bySayeret Matkal
OutcomeIsraeli success

The 1968 Israeli raid on Lebanon, code-named Operation Gift (Hebrew: מבצע תשורה, mivtza t'shura), was an Israeli Special Forces operation at the Beirut International Airport in the evening of December 28, 1968, in retaliation for the attack on the Israeli Airliner El Al Flight 253 two days earlier by the Lebanon-based Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).

The commandos from the Israeli army's elite Sayeret Matkal destroyed 12 passenger airplanes[note 1] belonging to Middle East Airlines (MEA) and Lebanese International Airways (LIA) and two cargo planes belonging to Trans Mediterranean Airways (TMA).[1][2] There were no casualties reported in the raid.[3]

Operation

At 20:37 hours on 28 December 1968, eight Israeli Air Force Super Frelon helicopters and eight Bell helicopters took off from Ramat David Airbase for Lebanon. Six of the Super Frelon helicopters carried the attack force, which consisted of 64 Sayeret Matkal commandos, with the other two acting in reserve. Seven of the Bell helicopters were assigned an active role in the mission, with one remaining in reserve. Of the seven, five were to act in support of evacuating the commandos, one was to serve as command center of the operation, and another was to provide support in patrol and transmission.[4][5]

The helicopters rendezvoused 12 kilometers off the Lebanese coast before moving towards Beirut. A force of 36 commandos was held on standby for quick deployment at Ramat David Airbase in case a rescue mission would have to be carried out. Two A-4 Skyhawk attack aircraft and two Vautour fighter-bombers also orbited to provide air support against any Lebanese military intervention if needed. Two Nord Noratlas transport aircraft were also deployed to orbit so they could assist with the evacuation afterwards, while another two were deployed for dropping flares, transmission, and maritime rescue. A Boeing 707 was positioned over northern Israel to provide radio relay. A refueling point was established at Betzet Aerodrome for any helicopters in need of it. Anticipating the possibility that the airport could not be secured for an evacuation, an alternative exit by sea was planned. The Israeli Navy deployed four missile boats and two torpedo boats off the Lebanese coast. One of the torpedo boats had to return to base due to engine trouble, while the rest of the force took positions about 25 kilometers off the Lebanese coast. Shayetet 13 naval commandos in 13 rubber dinghies moved to within 1,500 meters of the shore to stand by and prepared to establish an alternative evacuation point if needed.[4][5]

As the commandos landed at Beirut International Airport, they split into three groups - Uzi Force, Digli Force, and Negbi Force (each named after their respective commanders). Meanwhile, one of the Bell helicopters, which was carrying Brigadier General Rafael Eitan, the overall commander of the mission, landed near the terminal to serve as the operation's command center. Another Bell helicopter, flown by Eliezer Cohen, dropped 20 smoke flares and 95 smoke grenades in front of the buildings to obscure the commandos from the view of the terminal and control tower, then dropped nails on the roads leading to the airport, which halted six approaching cars. Vehicles in the airport trying to escape and emergency vehicles rushing to the scene subsequently created a traffic jam which served as an effective block. Cohen then turned to orbit to provide support and observation to detect any potential Lebanese military reinforcements. At one point, he spotted an apparent military truck trying to evade the jam and enter the airport and fired warning shots at it, causing it to come to a halt.[4][5]

Uzi Force, consisting of 22 soldiers, landed on the north edge of the western runway and found numerous parked airliners. They wired three aircraft parked close to each other with explosives and detonated them, destroying them collectively. After that, they secured the area and destroyed the other aircraft individually, wiring explosives to the nose wheels and main gear of the other aircraft and detonating them. While carrying out their task, the commandos fired warning shots at a vehicle and airport workers which approached them. They did not enter the military area of the airport, where several planes were being serviced, so as to avoid a confrontation with the Lebanese military. After completing their task, the commandos proceeded towards the evacuation point, the location where the two main runways intersected, which was codenamed "London".[4][5]

Digli Force, with 20 soldiers, landed to the south and moved northward, establishing a perimeter and isolating the emergency services building. They spotted four airliners. Three of them were positively identified as Lebanese, wired with explosives, and destroyed. While destroying the aircraft, they came under sporadic small-arms fire from the terminal building, likely pistol fire from airport security guards who were firing through the smokescreen. They responded with warning shots with heavy weapons, after which the firing ceased. They then proceeded towards the evacuation point.[4]

Negbi Force, which consisted of 22 soldiers, moved towards the airport's east ramp and found numerous airliners. Four airliners which were confirmed to be Arab, three parked on the runway and one in a hangar, were wired with explosives and destroyed. The commandos then moved towards the evacuation point. On the way there, they spotted the airport's fuel depot and requested but were denied permission to destroy it.[4][5]

After half an hour, all of the commandos had assembled at the evacuation point and were picked up by the helicopters. After a headcount, the commandos and the command element took off and returned to Israel. After the naval force standing by off the Lebanese coast received a report that the commandos had been successfully evacuated, it withdrew and returned to Haifa naval base.[4][5]

According to a legend told among Israeli special forces soldiers, during the closing stages of the raid, Rafael Eitan entered the terminal building after the small arms fire had ceased. Observing it in a state of disorder and with no security guards present, he walked to a coffee shop, ordered a coffee, drank it quickly, and paid for it in Israeli currency before leaving.[4]

Expenses

Of the 14 aircraft destroyed, 8 (1 Vickers VC-10 (on lease from Ghana Airways), 1 Boeing 707-320C, 2 Caravelle VIN, 3 Comet 4C and 1 Vickers Viscount) belonged to MEA, which was 30% owned by Air France, 5% by Lebanese individuals and 65% by the Intra Investment Company. Intra was an inter-governmental corporation constituted by the Kuwaiti, Qatari, Lebanese and American governments. The US was represented by the Commodity Credit Corporation, which was owed money by Intra Bank, the predecessor of Intra Company, for wheat sales.

Lebanese International Airways owned 4 of the destroyed aircraft (2 Douglas DC-7 and 2 Convair 990 Coronado) which were 58% American owned.

Trans-Mediterranean Airways lost 2 planes (1 Douglas DC-4 and 1 Douglas DC-6) owned by private Lebanese individuals.

The total value of the planes was estimated to be $43.8 million, of which British insurers initially agreed to pay $18 million, excluding all policies that did not cover acts of war.[6]

Criticism

The attack drew widespread international condemnation. The United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 262 on 31 December 1968, which condemned Israel for the "premeditated military action in violation of its obligations under the Charter and the cease-fire resolutions", issued a "solemn warning to Israel that if such acts were to be repeated, the Council would have to consider further steps to give effect to its decisions", and stated that Lebanon was entitled to appropriate redress. The resolution was adopted unanimously.[7]

The raid resulted in a sharp rebuke from the United States, which stated that nothing suggested that the Lebanese authorities had anything to do with the El Al Flight 253 attack.[8]

France, which had a historic association with Lebanon, reacted sharply to the attack. President Charles de Gaulle considered it a personal affront and diplomatic provocation. The French government recalled its ambassador to Israel and subsequently imposed an arms embargo, with the Israeli use of French-built helicopters in the raid cited as a factor.[9][10]

Notes

  1. ^ references differ; less reliable reports quote a total of 13 aircraft

References

  1. ^ Time (July 13, 2006). "The Risks of Israel's Two-Front War". Retrieved May 30, 2008.
  2. ^ Annual summary 1968/3, Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved November 9, 2015
  3. ^ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (August 13, 2000). "THE WAR OF ATTRITION AND THE CEASE FIRE - INTRODUCTION". Retrieved May 30, 2008.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Operation Gift
  5. ^ a b c d e f Operation Gift - Jewish Virtual Library
  6. ^ John Norton Morton (Editor) (1974) The Arab Israeli Conflict. Volume II. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05648-X. p.221, quoting The New York Times 5 January 1969, section 4, p.1
  7. ^ Resolution 262
  8. ^ Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Israel, Washington, December 29, 1968: Subject: Israeli Attack on Khaldeh Airport.
  9. ^ Paris Says Use of French-made Helicopters in Beirut Raid Was Factor in Embargo
  10. ^ Sachar, Howard M: Israel and Europe, An Appraisal In History, p. 186

External links

Baca informasi lainnya:

Private, professional educational membership association National Catholic Educational AssociationAbbreviationNCEAFormationJuly 1904TypeNon-governmental organizationPurposeIn service of the Gospel of Jesus Christ, NCEA strengthens Catholic school communities by providing professional development, formation, leadership and advocacy.Headquarters407 Bicksler Sq SE, Leesburg, VA 20175-3773Region served United StatesMembership Catholic educators of the U.S.; primarily elementary and secondary school …

Gấu nâu bán đảo AlaskaThời điểm hóa thạch: Pleistocen muộn – nayGấu nâu bán đảo Alaska (U. arctos horribilis) tại Vịnh Hallo, Vườn quốc gia Katmai, AlaskaTình trạng bảo tồnÍt quan tâm (IUCN 3.1)[1]Phân loại khoa họcGiới (regnum)AnimaliaNgành (phylum)ChordataLớp (class)MammaliaBộ (ordo)CarnivoraHọ (familia)UrsidaeChi (genus)UrsusLoài (species)U. arctosPhân loài (subspecies)U. arctos horribilis Gấu nâu Bán đảo Alaska …

Французька діяКраїна  Третя французька республікаЗасновник Henri Vaugeoisd і Maurice PujodДата заснування 20 червня 1899Ідеологія Орлеаністи, французький націоналізмd, anti-parliamentarismd, євроскептицизм, децентралізація, Інтегральний націоналізм і SovereigntismdГімн La RoyaledД…

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (نوفمبر 2019) إيرين ماكغرو معلومات شخصية الميلاد سنة 1957 (العمر 65–66 سنة)  ريدوندو بيتش  مواطنة الولايات المتحدة  الحياة العملية المهنة روائية  تعديل مصدري - تعد

オリンピックのカナダ選手団 カナダの国旗 IOCコード: CAN NOC: カナダオリンピック委員会公式サイト 1992年バルセロナオリンピック 人員: 選手 295人 メダル国別順位: 11 位 金7 銀4 銅7 計18 夏季オリンピックカナダ選手団 1900 • 1904 • 1908 • 1912 • 1920 • 1924 • 1928 • 1932 • 1936 • 1948 • 1952 • 1956 • 1960 • 1964 • 1968 • …

252. Infanterie-Division Insígnia da Divisão. País  Alemanha Corporação Heer Missão Infantaria Unidade Divisão Denominação Schlesiches Eichenlaub Sigla 252. ID Criação 1 de setembro de 1939 Extinção 8 de maio de 1945 História Guerras/batalhas Segunda Guerra Mundial A 252ª Divisão de Infantaria (em alemão:252. Infanterie-Division) foi uma unidade militar que serviu no Exército alemão durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial.[1][2] Comandantes Comandante[2] Data General der Kavalle…

Handrianto SetiajayaInformasi pribadiLahir27 Januari 1964 (umur 59)Suami/istriNy. Dewi Anugrah SariAlma materSepamilwa ABRI (1989)Karier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan DaratMasa dinas1989—2022Pangkat Brigadir Jenderal TNINRP32505SatuanKesehatan (CKM)Sunting kotak info • L • B Brigadir Jenderal TNI (Purn.) dr. Handrianto Setiajaya, Sp.BS., M.H. (lahir 27 Januari 1964) adalah seorang Purnawirawan TNI-AD yang terakhir menjabat sebagai Dokter Ahli bida…

Kinsey, AlabamaKotaNegara Amerika SerikatNegara bagianlbs Negara bagian AlabamaMontgomery (ibu kota)Topik Sejarah Geografi Orang Pemerintah Gubernur Wakil gubernur Kawasan Metropolitan Tempat wisata Landmark Nasional Bersejarah Wilayah Atlantic Coastal Plain Birmingham District Black Belt Central Alabama Cumberland Plateau Greater Birmingham Gulf Coastal Plain Lower Alabama Mobile Bay North Alabama Northeast Alabama Northwest Alabama Piedmont Ridge and Valley River Region South Alabama…

أباكافير أباكافير الاسم النظامي {(1S,4R)-4-[2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl]cyclopent-2-en-1-yl}methanol يعالج إيدز،  وعدوى فيروس العوز المناعي البشري  [لغات أخرى]‏  اعتبارات علاجية اسم تجاري Ziagen ASHPDrugs.com أفرودة مدلاين بلس a699012 فئة السلامة أثناء الحمل B3 (أستراليا) C (الولايات المتحدة) ط…

Spanish actor (born 1960) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Domínguez and the second or maternal family name is Bandera. Antonio BanderasBanderas in 2020BornJosé Antonio Domínguez Bandera (1960-08-10) 10 August 1960 (age 63)Málaga, Andalusia, SpainOccupationsActorfilmmakerYears active1982–presentWorksFull listSpouses Ana Leza ​ ​(m. 1987; div. 1996)​ Melanie Griffith ​ ​(m. 1996&…

Ferry jetty in Suriname Ferry terminal LeonsbergLocaleBlauwgrond, ParamariboSurinameWaterwaySuriname RiverTransit typePassenger ferryExcursionsSightseeingBegan operation1913No. of linesNieuw Amsterdam, Braamspunt The Ferry terminal Leonsberg (Dutch: Veersteiger Leonsberg) is a ferry jetty in the north of Paramaribo, Suriname.[1] From here various private operators offer transport service the other side of the Suriname river and the Commewijne River. History The construction of the termin…

Book by Lincoln Peirce This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding c…

2020 studio album by Royce da 5'9The AllegoryStudio album by Royce da 5'9ReleasedFebruary 21, 2020GenreHip hopLength68:04LabeleOneProducerRoyce da 5'9DJ PremierMiki CardovillisSymbolyc OneRoyce da 5'9 chronology Book of Ryan(2018) The Allegory(2020) Singles from The Allegory Black SavageReleased: November 15, 2019 OvercomerReleased: January 17, 2020 I Don't AgeReleased: January 31, 2020 Upside DownReleased: February 7, 2020 The Allegory is the eighth studio album by American rapper Royce…

Marshland nature reserve in east London Inner Thames MarshesSite of Special Scientific InterestLocationGreater LondonEssexGrid referenceTQ531800InterestBiologicalArea479.3 hectaresNotification1986Location mapMagic Map RSPB Environment and Education Centre, Rainham Marshes Rainham Marshes is an RSPB nature reserve in the east of London, adjacent to the Thames Estuary in Purfleet, Thurrock and the London Borough of Havering. History Before the site was protected as a nature reserve, it was conside…

Procureur-generaal Fritz Bauer. Fritz Bauer (Stuttgart, 16 juli 1903 - Frankfurt am Main 1 juli 1968) was een Duits jurist en magistraat. Hij verwierf nationale en internationale bekendheid door zijn rol in de opsporing van Adolf Eichmann en door het activeren van de vervolging van nazicriminelen door de Duitse rechtbanken, in de eerste plaats van de kampbewakers van Auschwitz. De activiteiten van Bauer hebben bijgedragen tot de ontwikkeling van een democratisch rechtssysteem in Duitsland, tot d…

Kalimantan TimurNama lengkapTim sepak bola Provinsi Kalimantan TimurStadionStadion Segiri(Kapasitas: 12.000)LigaPONPra PON 2024Peringkat 3 di Grup C Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Tim sepak bola Provinsi Kalimantan Timur atau Tim sepak bola Kalimantan Timur adalah tim provinsial yang mewakili Kalimantan Timur dalam cabang olahraga sepak bola pada Pekan Olahraga Nasional. Tim ini dikendalikan oleh Asosiasi Provinsi Persatuan Sepak bola Seluruh Indonesia Kalimantan Timur (Asprov PSSI Kaltim), yang …

Japanese footballer Yusuke Tasaka Personal informationFull name Yusuke TasakaDate of birth (1985-07-08) 8 July 1985 (age 38)Place of birth Hiroshima, JapanHeight 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)Position(s) MidfielderYouth career2000–2003 Sanfrecce Hiroshima Youth2004–2007 Aoyama Gakuin UniversitySenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2007–2012 Kawasaki Frontale 105 (11)2012–2015 VfL Bochum 81 (9)2015–2018 Kawasaki Frontale 51 (4)2019–2020 JEF United Chiba 18 (0) Medal record Kawasa…

Mixed doubles at the 1995 IBF World ChampionshipsVenueMalley Sports CentreLocationLausanne, SwitzerlandDatesMay 22, 1995 (1995-05-22) – May 28, 1995 (1995-05-28)Medalists  Thomas Lund Marlene Thomsen   Denmark Jens Eriksen Helene Kirkegaard   Denmark Jan-Eric Antonsson Astrid Crabo   Sweden Liu Jianjun Ge Fei   China← 1993 Birmingham1997 Glasgow → Events at the 1995 IBF World Ch…

Filipino volleyball player In this Philippine name, the middle name or maternal family name is Mababa and the surname or paternal family name is Dy. Kim Kianna DyPersonal informationFull nameKim Kianna Mababa DyNicknameKKDNationalityFilipinoBorn (1995-07-26) July 26, 1995 (age 28)HometownManila, PhilippinesHeight179 cm (5 ft 10+1⁄2 in)[1]Weight56.8 kg (125 lb)Spike280 cm (110 in)Block270 cm (106 in)College / University…

2021 single by Jam & Lewis featuring Mariah Carey Somewhat Loved (There You Go Breakin' My Heart)Single by Jam & Lewis featuring Mariah Careyfrom the album Jam & Lewis: Volume One ReleasedJune 10, 2021 (2021-06-10)Recorded2021GenreR&BLength3:53LabelFlyte TymeBMGSongwriter(s)James Harris IIITerry LewisMariah CareyTerius NashProducer(s)Harris IIILewisJam & Lewis singles chronology He Don't Know Nothin' Bout It (2020) Somewhat Loved (There You Go Breakin' My H…

Penobatan Guru Besar di Institut Pertanian Bogor Judul Orasi Ilmiah Guru Besar Institut Pertanian Bogor Prof. Dr. Ir. Antonius Suwanto, M.Sc merupakan seorang guru besar fakultas matematika dan ilmu pengetahuan alam di Institut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia.[1] Dia lahir di Jember pada (lahir 30 November 1959).[1] Riwayat Hidup Dia menempuh SMA di SMAK St. Paulus, Jember dan lulus pada tahun 1978.[1] Kemudian, dia melanjutkan studinya pada tahun 1979 di Institut Pertanian Bo…

Batalyon Artileri Pertahanan Udara 2/Amwanga Bhuana WicesaLambang Yonarhanud 2/Amwanga Bhuana WicesaDibentuk1 Agustus 1956NegaraIndonesiaCabangArhanudTipe unitRinganPeranPasukan Artilleri UdaraBagian dariDivisi Infanteri 2/KostradMarkasKabupaten Malang, Jawa TimurJulukanYonarhanud 2/ABWMotoAmwanga Bhuana WicesaBaretCoklatMaskotBurung Alap-AlapUlang tahun1 Agustus Batalyon Artileri Pertahanan Udara 2/Amwanga Bhuana Wicesa (disingkat Yon Arhanud 2/Alap-Alap) merupakan batalyon artileri pertahanan …

Sniper rifle Haenel RS9 TypeSniper riflePlace of originGermanyService historyIn service2016–presentUsed bySee UsersProduction historyManufacturerC.G. HaenelProduced2016-SpecificationsMass7.54 kg (16.6 lb)Length1,275 mm (4 ft 2.2 in)Barrel length690 mm (27 in)Cartridge.338 Lapua MagnumMuzzle velocity1,002 m/s (3,290 ft/s)Effective firing range1,500 m (1,600 yd)Feed system10-round detachable box m…

Chuck JonesJones pada tahun 1978.LahirCharles Martin Jones(1912-09-21)21 September 1912Spokane, Washington, ASMeninggal22 Februari 2002(2002-02-22) (umur 89)Newport Beach, California, ASNama lainBapak Animasi KontemporerM. Charl JonesAlmamaterChouinard Art InstitutePekerjaanAnimator, sutradara, produser, penulis latarTahun aktif1931–2000[1]Tempat kerjaWarner Bros. Cartoons (1933-1962)Walt Disney Animation Studios (1953)Sib Tower 12 Productions (1962-1970)Suami/istriDorot…

American baseball player (born 1985) Baseball player Marc RzepczynskiRzepczynski with the Indians in 2015Free agent Relief pitcherBorn: (1985-08-29) August 29, 1985 (age 38)Oak Lawn, Illinois, U.S.Bats: LeftThrows: LeftMLB debutJuly 7, 2009, for the Toronto Blue JaysMLB statistics (through 2018 season)Win–loss record14–27Earned run average3.89Strikeouts409 Teams Toronto Blue Jays (2009–2011) St. Louis Cardinals (2011–2013) Cleveland Indians (2013–2015) San Diego Pad…

Estrecho de Vilkitski пролив Вилькицкого Localización del estrecho helado (vista de Severnaya Zemlya)Ubicación geográficaContinente AsiaOcéano Mar de Kara - Mar de Láptev (océano Ártico)Archipiélago Severnaya ZemlyaIsla Isla BolcheviqueCoordenadas 77°57′43″N 103°26′50″E / 77.961944, 103.447222Ubicación administrativaPaís RusiaDivisión Krai de KrasnoyarskAccidentes geográficosOtros accidentes Península de TaimyrCuerpo de aguaLongitud 104 kmA…

American singer This article is about the American singer. For his debut solo album, see David Johansen (album). For the Norwegian composer, see David Monrad Johansen. For those of a similar name, see David Johansson (disambiguation). This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, espe…

German anthropologist and librarian (1802–1867) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Swedish. (May 2012) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not t…

Christopher Lloyddi Upacara penutupan Back to the Future: The Ride tahun 2007LahirChristopher Allen LloydPekerjaanAktorTahun aktif1952–sekarangSuami/istriCatherine Boyd (1959–1971)Kay Tornborg (1975–1987) Carol Ann Vanek (1988–1991) Jane Walker Wood (1992–present) Christopher Allen Lloyd (lahir 22 Oktober 1938) merupakan seorang aktor berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat yang memenangkan tiga Emmy Award sebagai aktor terbaik. Dia dilahirkan di Stamford, Connecticut. Dia mulai berkarier d…

1968 studio album by John FaheyThe Yellow PrincessStudio album by John FaheyReleased1968Recorded1968StudioSierra Sound Laboratories, Berkeley, CAGenreFolkLength42:36LabelVanguardProducerJohn Fahey, Barrett HansenJohn Fahey chronology The Voice of the Turtle(1968) The Yellow Princess(1968) The New Possibility(1968) The Yellow Princess is the ninth album by American folk musician John Fahey. Released in 1968, it was his second and last release on the Vanguard label. History The Yellow Prin…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya