Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

1964 Hama riot

1964 Hama riot
Part of the Arab Cold War

In green is Old Hama, which was the epicenter of the insurrection. In blue is the Sultan Mosque, which served as the rebel headquarters.
DateApril 1964
Location
Result Insurrection suppressed
Belligerents
Syria Syrian Government
Ba'ath Party (Military Committee)
Muslim Brotherhood
Commanders and leaders
Syria Amin al-Hafiz
President of Syria
Prime Minister of Syria
Syria Hamad Ubayd
Commander of National Guard
Issam al-Attar
Supreme Guide of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood
Mahmud al-Hamid
Imam of Sultan Mosque
Casualties and losses
N/A 70-100 dead
Several wounded and imprisoned.

The 1964 Hama riot was the first significant clash between the newly installed Ba'ath Party leadership of Syria and the Muslim Brotherhood. It occurred in April 1964, after the 1963 Ba'athist coup d'état. The insurrection was suppressed with heavy military force, resulting in 70-100 mortal casualties and partial destruction of the old Hama city neighborhoods. Hama continued to be a center of Islamists and a focal point of the 1976-1982 Islamist uprising in Syria.

Background

The first clash between the Ba'ath Party and the Muslim Brotherhood occurred shortly after the 1963 coup, in which the Ba'ath party gained power in Syria. The Islamist political groups, of which the Brotherhood was the most prominent, presented the most significant challenge to the Ba'athists, who had suppressed their Nasserist and Marxist rivals by mid-1963. The outlawing of Brotherhood in 1964 strongly contributed to the movement's radicalization. In 1964 and 1965, strikes and mass demonstrations spread throughout Syria's major cities, especially in Hama, and were crushed by the military.

The town of Hama in particular was a "stronghold of landed conservatism and of the Muslim Brothers," and "had long been a redoubtable opponent of the Ba'athist state," according to Syria expert Patrick Seale[citation needed]. The governments of Egypt and Iraq financially supported opposition to the Ba'athists although countrywide discontent was high nonetheless from the stagnation of the economy, merchants resenting the increasing regulations, incompetent governance, and resentment of the Ba'athist government's secretive decision-making.[1]

Riot

In April 1964 major disturbances occurred in several Syrian cities, with Hama forming the epicenter of the anti-government insurrection. Islamist insurgents in the city set up "roadblocks, stockpiled food and weapons, ransacked wine shops."[1] The rebels were encouraged to revolt against the Ba'athists by the imam of the Sultan Mosque, Shaykh Mahmud al-Habib, and were financed by some of the city's traditional merchant families. The Sultan Mosque would become the rebels headquarters, and it was used both as a sanctuary and to store weapons.[2] After Munzir al-Shimali, an Ismaili Ba'athist militiaman, was killed and mutilated by rioters, riots intensified and rebels attacked "every vestige" of the Ba'ath Party in Hama.[1]

Hamad Ubayd, the commander of the Ba'athist-dominated National Guard, called for and received tank support and reinforcements from the Syrian Army. Subsequently, neighborhoods where the rebels held sway were attacked with tank and artillery fire, forcing the rebels to withdraw into the Sultan Mosque after two days of fighting. President Amin al-Hafiz ordered for the rebels to be eliminated, and the mosque was subsequently bombarded, destroying the minaret where many of the rebels were positioned. The security forces thus managed to suppress the uprising.[1] Some 70-100 members of the Muslim Brotherhood were killed,[3][4] with many others wounded or captured and still more disappearing underground.[1][3]

Aftermath

A tribunal was set up to try imprisoned insurgents and was headed by Mustafa Tlass. Some prisoners were released, including Marwan Hadid, who was instrumental in organizing a second Islamist uprising in Hama years later.[1] The shelling of the Sultan Mosque had outraged many Syrian Muslims and numerous countrywide strikes and demonstrations were held in protest. The opposition to the Ba'ath was wide-ranging, and included merchants, professionals, laborers and craftsmen and brought together poor Sunni Muslims from the countryside, members of the middle class and the traditional political and social elites. Hafiz felt compelled to resign in favor of a civilian politician, Salah al-Din al-Bitar, who was a member of the Ba'ath Party, but not from the officer corps. Al-Bitar publicly promised to protect civil liberties and announced a new provisional constitution. Bitar and other civilian members of the Ba'ath, such as Michel Aflaq, still held little sway over governmental decisions and both resigned from the government, with al-Hafiz re-occupying the prime minister post.[5]

The events in Hama also caused a rupture within the Military Committee, the secretive junta that held prominent influence in the Syrian government since the 1963 coup. Muhammad Umran, the senior member of the Committee, disapproved of the severity of the assault on Hama and the subsequent bloodshed, while Salah Jadid and Hafez al-Assad strongly supported Hafiz's handling of the riots, viewing it as a necessary means to protect Ba'athist power against "class enemies."[6]

In early 1980s, Hama became the epicenter of the countrywide Islamist uprising. The city experienced a massacre in April 1981, with hundreds killed. The situation deteriorated further in early February 1982, when Islamist groups took over the city. In the ensuing army operation to oust them, most of Hama was destroyed and thousands of its residents were killed. Some three decades later, in the Syrian Civil War, Muslim Brotherhood-related groups were blamed by the Ba'athist-dominated government for taking an active part in the uprising. Hama experienced another massacre in July–August 2011, following its blockade.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Seale, 1990, pp. 92–93.
  2. ^ Miller, Judith (2011). God Has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East. Simon and Schuster. p. 303.
  3. ^ a b Dumper, Stanley, and Abu-Lughod, 2007, p.164.
  4. ^ James A.Paul et al. Human Rights in Syria. Middle East Watch Organization, 1990: p.10.
  5. ^ Seale, 1990, p. 94.
  6. ^ Seale, 1990, pp. 94–95.

Bibliography

Baca informasi lainnya:

ほりえ たかふみ堀江 貴文2021年10月30日、秋葉原駅前にて生誕 (1972-10-29) 1972年10月29日(51歳) 日本・福岡県八女市国籍 日本別名ホリエモン、たかぽん出身校東京大学文学部中退職業実業家・著作家(書籍・動画)・タレント、サッカー選手、政治活動家・参議院議員私設秘書、YouTuber身長173cm宗教無神論配偶者なし(結婚歴あり)子供あり公式サイトZEROICHI - 「0→1」を共創…

Василь Тарасович Собічевський Народився 1838[1]Липкани, Хотинський повіт, Бессарабська губернія, Російська імперіяПомер 1913Санкт-Петербург, Російська імперіяМісце проживання Санкт-ПетербургКраїна Російська імперіяДіяльність науковецьAlma mater Київський університетГал

Museo del Ferrocarril de Brañuelas UbicaciónPaís España EspañaComunidad Castilla y León Castilla y LeónProvincia León LeónCoordenadas 42°37′57″N 6°12′05″O / 42.63254167, -6.20135278Historia y gestiónCreación 5 de agosto de 2017[editar datos en Wikidata] El Museo del Ferrocarril de Brañuelas, también, y de modo más amplio, Museo del ferrocarril, transporte, comunicaciones y minería de Brañuelas, se encuentra situado en la localida…

Als Reaktionsära wird die Zeit nach dem Ende der Revolution von 1848 bezeichnet. Der Deutsche Bund wurde wiederhergestellt, so, wie er vor 1848 bestanden hatte, und diente wieder dazu, alle oppositionellen Bewegungen zu unterdrücken. Die Epoche dauerte etwa zehn Jahre lang, bis in Preußen ein neuer König an die Macht kam. Seitdem versuchte zunächst Preußen, und später auch Österreich, die Sympathien der deutschen Nationalbewegung für sich zu gewinnen. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Die Restaurati…

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Rollins. Brianna McNeal Brianna Rollins en 2015. Informations Disciplines 100 m haies Nationalité États-Unis Naissance 18 août 1991 (32 ans) Lieu de naissance Miami Taille 1,65 m Records Ancienne détentrice du record des États-Unis du 100 m haies (12 s 26, 2013) Palmarès Médailles obtenues Jeux olympiques 1 - - Championnats du monde 1 - - Champ. du monde en salle - 1 - modifier  Brianna McNeal (née Rollins le 18 août 1991 à Miami) e…

United States Navy destroyer 1944–1981 History United States NameRobert K. Huntington NamesakeRobert Kingsbury Huntington BuilderTodd Pacific Shipyards, Seattle Laid down29 February 1944 Launched5 December 1944 Commissioned3 March 1945 Decommissioned31 October 1973 Stricken31 October 1973 Fateto Venezuelan Navy 31 October 1973 Venezuela NameFalcon Acquired31 October 1973 Stricken1981 FateScrapped in 1981 General characteristics Class and typeAllen M. Sumner-class destroyer Displacement2,200 to…

Nankoku 南国市Kota BenderaLambangLokasi Nankoku di Prefektur KōchiNegara JepangWilayahShikokuPrefektur KōchiPemerintahan • Wali kotaKōzō HirayamaLuas • Total125 km2 (48 sq mi)Populasi (Oktober 1, 2015) • Total47.982 • Kepadatan383,9/km2 (9,940/sq mi)Zona waktuUTC+09:00 (JST)Kode pos783-8501Simbol  • PohonMyrica rubra • BungaCitrus tachibanaNomor telepon088-863-2111Alamat230…

Will WallingCuplikan dari The Village Blacksmith (1922)Lahir(1872-06-02)2 Juni 1872IowaMeninggal5 Maret 1932(1932-03-05) (umur 59)CaliforniaPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1921-1932 William Walling (2 Juni 1872 – 5 Maret 1932) adalah seorang pemeran Amerika Serikat pada era film bisu. Ia tampil dalam 60 film antara 1921 dan 1932. Sebagian filmografi The Killer (1921) The Little Minister (1921) North of the Rio Grande (1922) The Village Blacksmith (1922) While Satan Sleeps (1…

Market Square ParkTypeMunicipal (Houston)LocationDowntown HoustonCoordinates29°45′46″N 95°21′44″W / 29.76266°N 95.36234°W / 29.76266; -95.36234Created1854 (1854)Operated byDowntown Redevelopment AuthorityStatusOpen year round Market Square Park is a public park in Downtown Houston, Texas, United States. It is bounded by Travis, Milam, Congress and Preston streets. It has remained a geographic centerpiece of Downtown Houston since the arrival of the c…

ウィキプロジェクト 東ローマ帝国史の用語表記について 経緯 このプロジェクトはビザンツ帝国と一般に呼び慣わされている東ローマ帝国の歴史記述に使用される用語の表記問題をめぐってノート:東ローマ帝国およびノート:ヨハネス6世カンタクゼノスなどで議論された内容を踏まえて、記事執筆者に便宜を図るとともに、読者が利用しやすいように用語に一定の調和性…

113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RARoyal Artillery cap badgeActive25 November 1940 – 16 June 1945Country United KingdomBranch British ArmyRoleAir defenceMedium artilleryCoastal defenceSizeRegimentPart of76th AA BrigadeEngagementsThe BlitzD-DayNormandy campaignBattle of the ScheldtMilitary unit The 113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment (113th HAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery during World War II. It saw action during The Blitz, landed in Normandy o…

Bionix (BX) adalah keluarga dari kendaraan tempur lapis baja beroda rantai Singapura yang dikembangkan oleh Singapore Technologies Kinetics (sebelumnya Singapore Technologies Otomotif, yang sekarang dikenal sebagai Singapore Technologies Engineering). Dimaksudkan untuk mengganti penuaan kendaraan personel lapis baja M113 Angkatan Darat Singapura, itu adalah kendaraan lapis baja pertama untuk dikembangkan di Asia Tenggara. Bionix telah beroperasi dengan Angkatan Bersenjata Singapura (SAF) sejak t…

A Michael Jackson impersonator for the 25th anniversary of the album Thriller at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival with performers from Step It Up and Dance. Impersonators of American entertainer Michael Jackson work all over the world as entertainers, and such tribute acts remain in great demand due to the enduring popularity of Jackson.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] In the media Films Maanthrikam, a 1995 Malayalam action comedy …

1962 film by Irving Rapper, Gian Paolo Callegari Pontius Pilate1962 US Theatrical PosterDirected byGian Paolo CallegariIrving RapperWritten byOreste BiancoliGian Paolo CallegariGino De SantisProduced byGlomer Film, Lux Compagnie Cinématographique de FranceStarring Jean Marais Jeanne Crain Basil Rathbone Letícia Román Massimo Serato Riccardo Garrone John Drew Barrymore Music byAngelo Francesco LavagninoRelease dates15 February 1962 (Italy); 22 June 1962 (France); 1967 (USA)Running time100 minu…

Comune in Umbria, ItalyMonte Castello di VibioComuneComune di Monte Castello di Vibio Coat of armsLocation of Monte Castello di Vibio Monte Castello di VibioLocation of Monte Castello di Vibio in ItalyShow map of ItalyMonte Castello di VibioMonte Castello di Vibio (Umbria)Show map of UmbriaCoordinates: 42°50′N 12°21′E / 42.833°N 12.350°E / 42.833; 12.350CountryItalyRegionUmbriaProvincePerugia (PG)FrazioniDoglio, Madonna del PianoGovernment • MayorD…

English-American reproductive immunologist This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (November 2020)This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (April …

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) بطولة العالم لسباق الدراجات على الطريق 1985 معلومات عامة الرياضة سباق الدراجات على الطريق الاتحاد المشرف ال…

دورى ميانمار الوطنى 2019 البلد ميانمار  فئة المنافسه كورة القدم للرجال  الرياضه كورة قدم  تاريخ 2019  عدد المشاركين تعديل  دورى ميانمار الوطنى 2019 (بالانجليزى: 2019 Myanmar National League) هوا موسم رياضى فى كورة قدم اتعمل فى ميانمار سنة 2019. معلومات الموسم دورى ميانمار الوطنى 2019 من…

この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。(このテンプレートの使い方)出典検索?: 和歌山県道13号和歌山橋本線 – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL(2012年12月) 主要地方道 和歌山県道13号 和…

Ini adalah nama Melayu; nama Mohamad merupakan patronimik, bukan nama keluarga, dan tokoh ini dipanggil menggunakan nama depannya, Mahathir. Yang Amat Berbahagia Tun Dr.Mahathir MohamadSMN DK I (Johor) DK (Kedah) DKNS DK (Perlis) DUK SUMW DUPN SPDK SBS SPMJ DP SSDK SPNS SSAP SPCM SSMT PIS NPk (Pakistan) KGE (Thailand)محاضير محمدMahathir Mohamad pada tahun 2018Perdana Menteri Malaysia ke-4 dan ke-7Masa jabatan10 Mei 2018 – 24 Februari 2020Penjabat Perdana Menteri sampai 1…

French-Spanish fashion designer Paloma PicassoBornAnne Paloma Ruiz-Picasso y Gilot (1949-04-19) 19 April 1949 (age 74)Vallauris, FranceOccupation(s)Fashion designer, jewellery designer, businesswoman, socialiteSpouses Rafael López-Cambil ​ ​(m. 1978; div. 1998)​ Eric Thévenet ​ ​(m. 1999)​[1]ParentsPablo PicassoFrançoise GilotRelatives Claude Picasso (brother) Maya Widmaier-Picasso (half-sister) Jo…

Vacuum arc remelting (VAR) is a secondary melting process for production of metal ingots with elevated chemical and mechanical homogeneity for highly demanding applications.[1] The VAR process has revolutionized the specialty traditional metallurgical techniques industry, and has made possible tightly-controlled materials used in biomedical, aviation and aerospace. Overview VAR is used most frequently in high value applications. It is an additional processing step to improve the quality …

American neo-noir crime drama television series American GigoloGenre Crime drama Neo-noir Romantic drama Based onAmerican Gigoloby Paul SchraderDeveloped byDavid HollanderStarring Jon Bernthal Gretchen Mol Lizzie Brocheré Gabriel LaBelle Leland Orser Rosie O'Donnell Theme music composer Giorgio Moroder Deborah Harry Opening themeCall Me by BlondieComposerMarcelo ZarvosCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes8ProductionExecutive producers Pavlina Hatou…

German World War II submarine U-9, a typical Type IIB boat History Nazi Germany NameU-21 Ordered2 February 1935 BuilderGermaniawerft, Kiel Yard number551 Laid down4 March 1936 Launched31 July 1936 Commissioned3 August 1936 FateDecommissioned on 5 August 1944 at Pillau and cannibalized for spare parts General characteristics Class and typeType IIB coastal submarine Displacement 279 t (275 long tons) surfaced 328 t (323 long tons) submerged Length 42.70 m (140 ft 1 in) o/a…

An AGO 1914 airplane in the Johannisthal aerodrome AGO Flugzeugwerke was a German aircraft manufacturing company from 1911 until 1945. The initials AGO had a variety of meanings (such as Aktiengesellschaft Otto) during the company's lifetime, but in its final version stood for Apparatebau GmbH Oschersleben. At its peak, the company employed around 4,500 people. Foundation AGO was founded in 1911 in Munich as Flugmaschinenwerke Gustav Otto by Gustav Otto and a Dr Alberti. Gustav, the son of Nicol…

2013 Indian filmWhat the FishTheatrical release posterDirected byGurmeet SinghWritten byStory by-Shashank Ghosh, Screenplay- Tejpal Singh & Gurmeet Singh, Dialogues-Tejpal SinghProduced byViacom 18 Motion PicturesStarringDimple KapadiaEdited byCheragh TodiwalaProductioncompaniesViacom 18 Motion PicturesTipping Point FilmsLight Forms PicturesDistributed byViacom 18 Motion Pictures[1]Release date 13 December 2013 (2013-12-13) CountryIndiaLanguageHindi What the Fish (styl…

Stade Léo Lagrange LocalizaciónPaís  FranciaLocalidad Besanzón, FranciaCoordenadas 47°14′38″N 6°00′11″E / 47.24391, 6.0031Detalles generalesSuperficie CéspedCapacidad 11 500 espectadoresPropietario BesançonConstrucciónApertura 1939Equipo diseñadorArquitecto M. BouhanaEquipo local Besançon RC[editar datos en Wikidata] El estadio Léo Lagrange (en francés Stade Léo Lagrange)[1]​ es un estadio multiuso ubicado en la ciudad de Besan…

Milton Casco Datos personalesNombre completo Milton Óscar CascoApodo(s) Chanchi[2]​Nacimiento María Grande, Entre Ríos11 de abril de 1988 (35 años)[1]​País ArgentinaNacionalidad(es) ArgentinaAltura 1,70 m (5′ 7″)[1]​Peso 69 kg (152 lb)[1]​Carrera deportivaDeporte FútbolClub profesionalDebut deportivo 13 de junio de 2009(Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata)Club River Plate Liga Primera División de ArgentinaPosición Lateral por ambas bandasDorsal(es)…

List of events ← 1961 1960 1959 1962 in the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) → 1963 1964 1965 Decades: 1960s The following lists events that happened during 1962 in the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville). Incumbent President: Joseph Kasa-Vubu Prime Minister: Cyrille Adoula Events Date Event January André Lubaya becomes president of Kasaï Province.[1] April Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile based in Léopoldville is founded by Holden Roberto of the National…

「残酷な天使のテーゼ」高橋洋子 の シングル初出アルバム『NEON GENESIS EVANGELION』B面 月の迷宮リリース 1995年10月25日規格 8cmCD録音 1995年 日本ジャンル J-POP(アニメソング)時間 4分5秒レーベル スターチャイルド(KIDA-114)作詞 及川眠子作曲 佐藤英敏プロデュース 大月俊倫ゴールドディスク ダブル・プラチナ(CD、日本レコード協会) ミリオン(着うた、日本レコード協…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya