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147 Protogeneia
	A three-dimensional model of 147 Protogeneia based on its light curve
Discovery[1]
Discovered by	Lipót Schulhof
Discovery date	10 July 1875
Designations
MPC designation	(147) Protogeneia
Pronunciation	/ˌprɒtoʊdʒɪˈniːə/
Named after	Protogeneia
Alternative designations	A875 PA
Minor planet category	Main belt
Orbital characteristics
	Epoch 31 July 2016 (JD 2457600.5)
	Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc	132.02 yr (48222 d)
Aphelion	3.2230 AU (482.15 Gm)
Perihelion	3.04727 AU (455.865 Gm)
Semi-major axis	3.13512 AU (469.007 Gm)
Eccentricity	0.028020
Orbital period (sidereal)	5.55 yr (2027.6 d)
Average orbital speed	16.82 km/s
Mean anomaly	92.9051°
Mean motion	0° 10m 39.184s / day
Inclination	1.9309°
Longitude of ascending node	248.357°
Argument of perihelion	100.692°
Earth MOID	2.03996 AU (305.174 Gm)
Jupiter MOID	1.90385 AU (284.812 Gm)
TJupiter	3.211
Physical characteristics
Mean radius	66.465±2.55 km; 59.22 ± 5.225 km
Mass	(1.23 ± 0.05) × 1019 kg
Mean density	14.13 ± 3.78 g/cm3
Equatorial surface gravity	0.0371 m/s²
Equatorial escape velocity	0.0703 km/s
Synodic rotation period	7.8528 h (0.32720 d)
Geometric albedo	0.0492±0.004
Temperature	~157 K
Spectral type	C
Apparent magnitude	12.4 to 14.5
Absolute magnitude (H)	8.27; 8.8

147 Protogenia is a large main belt asteroid that was discovered by Hungarian astronomer Lipót Schulhof on July 10, 1875, from the Vienna Observatory; it was his only asteroid discovery. Its name is Greek for "first born" and was chosen by Karl L. Littrow in allusion to the fact that this was the first asteroid discovered by an astronomer who was already known for work in other fields of astronomy.^[6]

This object has a low orbital eccentricity and inclination. With an orbital period roughly double that of the planet Jupiter, it has been identified as a member of the Hecuba group of asteroids that share a 2:1 mean-motion orbital resonance with the giant planet.^[7] Based upon its spectrum, it has a Tholen classification as a C-type asteroid,^[8] which indicates that it has a dark surface and probably a primitive composition of carbonaceous material.

Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Altimira Observatory in 2004 gave a light curve with a period of 7.8528 ± 0.0008 hours and a brightness variation of 0.28 in magnitude.^[5] A photometric study was reported in 2006 from the Yunnan Observatory in China, finding a matching period of 7.852 hours and a brightness variation of 0.25 magnitude. They estimate the ratio of the lengths for the asteroid's major and minor axes is at least 1.26:1.^[9]

There is one reported stellar occultation by Protogeneia, on May 28, 2002, from Texas.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ 'Protogenea' in Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language
^ "The Asteroid Orbital Elements Database". astorb. Lowell Observatory.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Yeomans, Donald K., "147 Protogeneia", JPL Small-Body Database Browser, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, retrieved 6 May 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c Carry, B. (December 2012), "Density of asteroids", Planetary and Space Science, 73 (1): 98–118, arXiv:1203.4336, Bibcode:2012P&SS...73...98C, doi:10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.009. See Table 1.
^ ^a ^b ^c Buchheim, Robert K. (June 2005), "Lightcurve of 147 Protogeneia", The Minor Planet Bulletin, 32 (2): 35–36, Bibcode:2005MPBu...32...35B, ISSN 1052-8091.
^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003), Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (5th ed.), Springer, p. 28, ISBN 3540002383.
^ Levy, Sophia H. (August 1939), "Mean Elements and Perturbations by the Berkeley Tables of Minor Planets of the Hecuba Group", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 51 (302): 225, Bibcode:1939PASP...51..224L, doi:10.1086/125066.
^ Bel'Skaya, I. N.; et al. (1991), "Polarimetry of CMEU asteroids. II. A peculiarity of M-type asteroids", Kinematics and Physics of Celestial Bodies, 7 (6): 8–11, Bibcode:1991KPCB....7f...8B.
^ Zhang, Xi-Liang; et al. (December 2006), "CCD Photometry of Asteroid (147) Protogeneia", Chinese Journal of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 6 (6): 729–732, Bibcode:2006ChJAA...6..729Z, doi:10.1088/1009-9271/6/6/12, S2CID 55204167.