.410 bore

.410 bore
.410 bore
	From left to right: a .45 ACP, a .410 bore shotshell, a 20 gauge shotshell, and a 12 gauge shotshell
Type	Shotgun, revolver, derringer
Place of origin	United Kingdom
Production history
Manufacturer	Eley Brothers
Produced	1874–present
Specifications
Case type	Rimmed, straight
Bullet diameter	.410 in (10.4 mm)
Neck diameter	.455 in (11.6 mm)
Base diameter	.470 in (11.9 mm)
Rim diameter	.535 in (13.6 mm)
Rim thickness	.060 in (1.5 mm)
Overall length	2 in (51 mm); 2+1/2 in (64 mm); 3 in (76 mm)
Primer type	Shotshell primer
Maximum pressure (SAAMI)	12,500 psi (86 MPa) (for 2+1/2 in (64 mm) length shells)
Maximum pressure (SAAMI)	13,500 psi (93 MPa) (for 3 in (76 mm) length shells)
Ballistic performance

The .410 bore (10.4 mm) is one of the smallest caliber of shotgun shell commonly available (along with the 9mm Flobert rimfire cartridge, and the less common .22 rimfire shot shell). A .410 bore shotgun loaded with shot shells is well suited for small game hunting and pest control. The .410 started off in the United Kingdom as a garden gun along with the .360 and the No. 3 bore (9 mm) rimfire, No. 2 bore (7 mm) rimfire, and No. 1 bore (6 mm) rimfire. .410 shells have similar base dimensions to the .45 Colt cartridge, allowing many single-shot firearms, as well as derringers and revolvers chambered in that caliber, to fire .410 shot shells without any modifications.

Origin

Lancaster's pattern centerfire and pinfire .410 shot cartridges first appeared in Eley Brothers Ltd. flysheets in 1857. By 1874, Eley were advertising modern centerfire .410 cartridges.^[3] It appears to have become popular around 1900, although it was recommended as "suited to the requirements of naturalists, garden guns and for such weapons as walking-stick guns", presumably for self-defense, in 1892 by W. W. Greener.^[4] The first ammunition was 2.0 inches (50.8 mm) long, compared with the modern 2.5 (63.5 mm) and 3.0-inch (76 mm) sizes. Aluminum shells are available but are not reloadable, as are paper or plastic shells. Full length brass shells can be found and are reloadable. Brass shells can be made from .444 Marlin rifle cartridges, and these are reloadable ^{[citation needed]}.

Firing Winchester Supreme Elite 410 shells loaded with three 71-grain disks and twelve BB shot into a melon

Shotguns in .410 loaded with shot shells are well suited for small game hunting and pest control. Such game or pests include rabbits, squirrels, snakes, rats, and birds. A .410 loaded with 1/4 ounce slugs is effective against larger animals such as coyotes and deer.

While a .410 is inferior to the traditional 12-gauge shotshell for defensive use, ^[5] ^[6] a number of companies market defensive guns chambered in .410, such as the Mossberg 500 Home Security Model shotgun, the Smith & Wesson Governor revolver, and the Taurus Judge revolver. Defensive ammunition such as buckshot, slugs and combination loads are common. American Derringer and Winchester market ammunition loaded with five 000 buckshot pellets in 3-inch (76 mm) shells and three pellets in 2.5-inch (64 mm) shells.^[7]^[8] Combination shells such as Winchester Supreme Elite .410 shells are loaded with three 71 grain disks and twelve BB pellets.

Survival arms

The small size of the .410 bore makes it popular for use in compact firearms carried for emergency use, and it is often found in over-and-under combination guns, with a .22 Hornet or .22 rimfire rifle barrel mounted above and a .410 bore shotgun barrel mounted below.

The Snake Charmer is a .410 bore, stainless-steel, single-shot, break-action shotgun with an exposed hammer, an 18+1⁄8-inch (460 mm) barrel, black molded plastic furniture, and a short thumb-hole buttstock that holds four additional 2+1⁄2-inch (64 mm) shotgun shells. These light-weight 3+1⁄2-pound (1.6 kg) guns have an overall length of 28+1⁄8 inches (710 mm).^[9] They are commonly used by gardeners and farmers for pest control. It originally sold for $89.95 and was marketed as a general-purpose utility shotgun "perfect" for "fishing — hunting — camping — back packing — survival — home defense — truck or Jeep gun".

The Savage Model 24 is an American-made, over-and-under, combination gun, manufactured by Savage Arms. The basic .22LR over .410 bore model weighs 7 pounds (3.2 kg), has 24-inch (610 mm) barrels, and an overall length of 41 inches (1,000 mm). It may also be disassembled for ease of stowage. Its predecessor was made by Stevens and sported a tenite stock and forearm. In WWII, 15,000 were ordered and issued in air crew survival kits for Army Air Force bomber crews to be used as survival arms in the event that they were shot down.

The M6 aircrew survival weapon was made for the US Air Force, with a .22 Hornet rifle barrel mounted over a .410 bore shotgun barrel and was first issued in the Korean War. The military also lists an aluminum .410 3-inch (76 mm) shell, with a rifle primer, as standard issue under the ammunition inventory name M-35. The civilian version Springfield Armory M6 Scout has a .22 rimfire or .22 Hornet over a .410 bore shotgun barrel. The original M6 has a 14-inch (360 mm) barrel, the same length as the stock, and folds in half for storage, making a compact package. With the short barrel, this is legally classified as an any other weapon in the United States, so the M6 Scout is made with 18.5-inch (470 mm) barrels for civilian sales.^[10] Special flare cartridges in .410 were issued with the USAF model.

Handguns and shot pistols

The fact that the .410 bore shell fits in a .45 Colt chamber has resulted in some unusual applications. While shotguns are often limited in minimum length, a firearm chambered in .45 Colt, such as the Contender pistol, is not defined as a shotgun even though it can chamber shotgun shells. In the UK, .410 shot-pistols are used around pheasant pens to kill rats where a full-length shotgun would be inappropriate.

The Thompson Center Arms Contender pistols are commonly encountered with a special .45 Colt/.410 bore barrel. The barrel is rifled for the .45 Colt but has a special choke and vent rib to make it function as a shotgun. Due to the rifled barrel, the assembled firearm is considered a rifle or pistol (depending on barrel length) and thus is not subject to the National Firearms Act's 18-inch (460 mm) minimum barrel length.^[11]^{[failed verification]} Nonetheless, possession of a Thompson Center Arms .45/.410 pistol barrel is illegal in California, for both dealers and individuals, and such a barrel may not legally be shipped into the state, or even taken into California for a hunting trip, by reason of it being classified as a short barreled shotgun (SBSG) when used with a Contender receiver.^[12]

American Derringer has long offered .45 Colt-.410 bore Derringers.^[13] Bond Arms also offers various Derringer models which chamber both .45 Colt cartridges and .410 shotshell.^[14]

Also, Taurus, Magnum Research, and Smith & Wesson offer revolvers with extended cylinders, long enough to hold .410 shells as well. Magnum Research offers a single-action revolver in their BFR (big frame revolver) line, while the Taurus Judge is similar in price to their other double-action revolvers, with the Raging Judge model capable of chambering and firing the .454 Casull cartridge. The Smith & Wesson Governor is a double-action revolver also capable of firing .45 Colt as well as .45 ACP cartridges with the aid of moon clips. The discontinued MIL Thunder 5 is also chambered in .410-bore. Over the years, a large number of devices have been made that will convert larger-gauge shotguns to accept .410 shotgun shells.

Capacity, compared to other gauges

Length and load	No. 000 buckshot (.36 in)	No. 4 buckshot (.24 in)
21⁄2 in, 410 bore	3 or 4 pellets	8 pellets
3 in, 410 bore	5 pellets	9 pellets
23⁄4 in, 12 gauge	8 pellets	27 pellets
3 in, 12 gauge	10 pellets	41 pellets

Most shotgun cartridges are measured in terms of shotgun gauge. Shotgun gauge is determined by the weight of a round lead ball that is sized to fit into its barrel. For example, the barrel of a 12-gauge shotgun is equal to the diameter of a 1/12 a pound lead ball (0.729 in) and a 20-gauge can fit a 1/20 a pound lead ball (0.615 in). Using this method, a .410 bore is equivalent to a (hypothetical) 67-gauge, instead of the incorrectly labeled 36 gauge (0.506) in Europe and South America.^[15]^[16]

References

^ Saami pressures. (n.d.). Retrieved May 3, 2023, from https://leverguns.com/articles/saami_pressures.htm
^ Saami pressures. (n.d.). Retrieved May 3, 2023, from https://leverguns.com/articles/saami_pressures.htm
^ Bill Harding; C. W. Harding (2006). Eley Cartridges. Quiller. ISBN 9781904057918.
^ William Wellington Greener (1892). The Breach Loader, and How to Use It. Forest and Stream Publishing Co., New York. p. 45. The 28-bore is the smallest of any practical use as a game gun, but the 410 and other sizes are suited to the requirements of naturalists, and for such weapons as walking-stick guns.
^ Jeff Johnston (15 November 2022). "A .410 for Home Defense? Is That A Good Idea?". Shooting Illustrated. National Rifle Association of America. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
^ Chuck Hawks' updated rec.guns FAQ on defensive ammunition Archived January 6, 2024, at the Wayback Machine
^ Winchester .410 buckshot
^ American Derringer 410 buckshot
^ Field & Stream. News for 1979 Part II. by Bob Brister. May 1979. page 159
^ S. P. Fjestad. Blue Book of Gun Values, 13th Ed. Blue Book Publications.
^ "G2 Contender Pistols". Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
^ "California Dangerous Weapons Control Law Article 2. Unlawful Carrying and Possession of Weapons 12020". State of California. 2008. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2013. As used in this section, a "short-barreled shotgun" means any of the following: (A) A firearm which is designed or redesigned to fire a fixed shotgun shell and having a barrel or barrels of less than 18 inches in length. (B) A firearm which has an overall length of less than 26 inches and which is designed or redesigned to fire a fixed shotgun shell.
^ American Derringer model 1
^ Bond Arms
^ "Ball Weight and Density". Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
^ Fourten Shotgun Resources. (n.d.). http://www.fourten.org.uk/36gauge.html