^Trudeau، Richard J. (1993). Introduction to Graph Theory (ط. Corrected, enlarged republication.). New York: Dover Pub. ص. 64. ISBN:978-0-486-67870-2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-08-08. Thus a planar graph, when drawn on a flat surface, either has no edge-crossings or can be redrawn without them.
^Bonichon، N.؛ Gavoille، C.؛ Hanusse، N.؛ Poulalhon، D.؛ Schaeffer، G. (2006). "Planar Graphs, via Well-Orderly Maps and Trees". Graphs and Combinatorics. ج. 22: 185–202. CiteSeerX:10.1.1.106.7456. DOI:10.1007/s00373-006-0647-2.
^Giménez، Omer؛ Noy، Marc (2009). "Asymptotic enumeration and limit laws of planar graphs". Journal of the American Mathematical Society. ج. 22: 309–329. arXiv:math/0501269. DOI:10.1090/s0894-0347-08-00624-3.