مساعدة:أصد للإنجليزية
Consonants
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IPA |
امثلة
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b
|
buy, cab
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d
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die, cad
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ð
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thy, breathe, father
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dʒ
|
giant, badge
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f
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phi, caff
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ɡ (ˈɡ)[1]
|
guy, cag
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h
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high, ahead
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j
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yes, hallelujah
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k
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chi, sky, crack
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l
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lie, sly, gal
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m
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my, smile, cam
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n
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nigh, snide, ban
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ŋ
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gang, sink, ringer
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ŋɡ
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finger
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θ
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thigh, math
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p
|
pie, spy, cap
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r
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rye, try, very[2]
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s
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sigh, mass
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ʃ
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shy, cash, emotion
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t
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tie, sty, cat
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tʃ
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China, catch
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v
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vie, have
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w
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wye, swine
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hw
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why[3]
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z
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xi, zoo, has
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ʒ
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pleasure, vision, beige[4]
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Marginal consonants
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x
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ugh, loch, Chanukah[5]
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ʔ
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uh-oh /ˈʌʔoʊ/, Hawai‘i /həˈwaɪʔiː/[6]
|
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Vowels
|
IPA |
Traditional monophthongs |
R-colored vowels[7]
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æ
|
bat, bad, shall, ban
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ær
|
barrow, marry
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ɑː
|
balm, father, bra
|
ɑr
|
bar, mar, party, starring (/ɑːr./)
|
ɒ
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bot, pod, John, doll[8]
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ɒr
|
moral, forage
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ɔː
|
bawd, caught, dawn, ball, straw[9]
|
ɔr
|
born, for, aural (/ɔːr./)
|
oʊ
|
code, boat, goal, bone, go[10]
|
ɔər
|
boar, four, more, oral (/oʊr./)[11]
|
ʊ
|
good, foot, pull, Sunni
|
ʊər
|
boor, moor, tourist (/uːr./)[12]
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uː
|
food, lute, pool, soon, blue
|
ʌ
|
bud, but, dull, gun[13]
|
ʌr
|
hurry, Murray
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ɜr
|
bird, myrrh, furry (also /ɝː/)[14]
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ɛ
|
bed, pet, bell, men
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ɛr
|
berry, merry
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eɪ
|
fade, fate, fail, vein, pay
|
ɛər
|
bear, mare, Mary (/eɪr./)
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ɪ
|
bid, pit, bill, bin
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ɪr
|
mirror
|
iː
|
bead, peat, feel, mean, sea
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ɪər
|
beer, mere, serious (/iːr./)
|
Traditional diphthongs
|
aɪ
|
ride, write, file, fine, pie
|
ɔɪ
|
void, exploit, foil, coin, boy
|
aʊ
|
out, loud, owl, down, how
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juː
|
cute, hue, pew, dew[15]
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Reduced vowels
|
ə
|
Rosa’s, a mission
|
ən
|
button
|
i
|
happy, serious[16]
|
əm
|
rhythm
|
ɨ, ɪ
|
roses, emission [17]
|
əl
|
bottle
|
ʊ
|
beautiful, curriculum ([jʊ])[18]
|
ər
|
perform, mercer (also /ɚ/)[14]
|
ɵ
|
following, omission[19]
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Stress
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Syllabification
|
IPA |
أَمْثِلَة
|
IPA |
أَمْثِلَة
|
ˈ
|
intonation /ˌɪntɵˈneɪʃən/,[20] battleship /ˈbætəlʃɪp/[21]
|
.
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shellfish /ˈʃel.fɪʃ/, selfish /ˈself.ɨʃ/ nitrate /ˈnaɪ.treɪt/, night-rate /ˈnaɪt.reɪt/ moai /ˈmoʊ.aɪ/[22]
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ˌ
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- ^ If the two characters ˈɡ and ˈ
do not match, if the first looks like a ˈγ, then you have an issue with your default font. See Rendering issues.
- ^ Although the IPA symbol [r] represents a trill, /r/ is widely used instead of /ɹ/ in broad transcriptions of English.
- ^ /hw/ is not distinguished from /w/ in dialects with the wine-whine merger, such as RP and most varieties of GenAm.
- ^ A number of English words, such as genre and garage, are pronounced with either /ʒ/ or /dʒ/.
- ^ In most dialects, /x/ is replaced by /k/ in loch and by /h/ in Chanukah.
- ^ Most people pronounce the English word Hawaii without the /ʔ/ (glottal stop) that occurs in the Hawaiian word Hawai‘i.
- ^ In non-rhotic accents such as RP, /r/ not pronounced unless followed by a vowel. In Wikipedia articles, /ɪər/ etc. are not always distinguished from /ɪr/ etc. When they are, the long vowels may be transcribed /iːr/ etc. by analogy with vowels not followed by /r/.
- ^ /ɒ/ is not distinguished from /ɑː/ in dialects with the father-bother merger such as GenAm.
- ^ /ɔː/ is not distinguished from /ɑː/ (except before /r/) in dialects with the cot-caught merger such as some varieties of GenAm.
- ^ Commonly transcribed /əʊ/ or /oː/.
- ^ /ɔər/ is not distinguished from /ɔr/ in dialects with the horse-hoarse merger, which include most dialects of modern English.
- ^ /ʊər/ is not distinguished from /ɔr/ in dialects with the pour-poor merger, including many younger speakers.
- ^ This phoneme is not used in the northern half of England and some bordering parts of Wales. These words would take the ʊ vowel: there is no foot-strut split.
- ^ ا ب In some articles these are transcribed /ɝː/ and /ɚ/ when not followed by a vowel.
- ^ In many dialects, /juː/ is pronounced the same as /uː/ after "tongue sounds" (/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /θ/, and /l/) in the same syllable, so that dew /djuː/ is pronounced the same as do /duː/. In other dialects, /tj/, /dj/, /sj/ and /zj/ are pronounced /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, so that the first syllable in Tuesday is pronounced the same as choose.[بحاجة لمصدر]
- ^ Pronounced /iː/ in dialects with the happy tensing, /ɪ/ in other dialects. British convention used to transcribe it with /ɪ/, but the OED and other influential dictionaries recently converted to /i/.
- ^ Pronounced [ə] in Australian and many US dialects, and [ɪ] in Received Pronunciation. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced [ɪ̈] and a reduced [ə]. Many phoneticians (vd. Olive & Greenwood 1993:322) and the OED uses the pseudo-IPA symbol
ɪ [1], and ميريام وبستر uses ə̇.
- ^ Pronounced [ʊ] in many dialects, [ə] in others. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced [ʊ̈] and a reduced [ə]. The OED uses the pseudo-IPA symbol
ʊ [2].
- ^ Pronounced [ə] in many dialects, and [ɵw] or [əw] before another vowel, as in cooperate. Sometimes pronounced as a full /oʊ/, especially in careful speech. (Bolinger 1989)
- ^ It is arguable that there is no phonemic distinction in English between primary and secondary stress (vd. Ladefoged 1993), but it is conventional to notate them as here.
- ^ Full vowels after a stressed syllable, such as the ship in battleship, are marked with secondary stress in some dictionaries (Merriam-Webster), but not in others (the OED). Such syllables are not actually stressed.
- ^ Syllables are indicated sparingly, where necessary to avoid confusion.
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