Talmud

Ä Siite us em Talmud. Es zeigt dr Afang vo „Berachoth“ mit dr Mischna und Gemara (vo dr 14. Zeile a, markiert mit de Buechschdabe "גמ" , "GM" für Gemara), emä Kommentar vom Raschi am innere (do am rächte Rand), und am üssere (do am lingge) Rand Uslegige vo schböötere Rabbiner.

Dr Talmud (hebr. תלמוד, abgleitet vo למד, 'lehre, 'schdudiere') isch ä Sammlig vo jüdische Schrifte, wo dr Tanach, die jüdischi Bible, erkläre und neu uslege. Es git zwei Sammlige wo as Babylonisch und Jerusalemer Talmud bekannt si. Dr gröösser, und au dr wichdiger vo beide isch dr Babylonisch Talmud, wo in de Gebiet vo Mesopotamie entschdanden isch, wo sit em Babylonische Exil immer no vo Jude bevölkeret gsi si, vor allem z Sura und z Pumbedita.

Die wichtigschde Deil vom Talmud si d Mischnah (hebr. משנה), wo dr Dradition noh die mündligi Lehr isch wo dr Moses uf em Sinaibärg vo Gott übercho het, und d Gemara (hebr. גמרא), die schbööteri, kritischi jurischdischi Undersuechig.

D Mischnah

Das isch d Lehr, wo noh dr Niiderschrift vom Tanach mündlig wiitergä worden isch. Bis ins zweite Johrhundert noch dr Ziitwändi isch es aber au schriftlig uf Hebräisch niidergleit worde, und het si ändgültigi Form vom Jehuda haNasi übercho. D Mischnah isch in sächs Deil (hebr. סדרים, 'sedarim') iideilt, wo jede drvo es Süjet het: Seraim (hebr. זרעים) het as Inhalt d Gsetz über Grund und Bode; Moed (hebr. מועד) über Fescht- und Faschtdäg und dr Schabbat; Naschim (hebr. נשים) s Eherächt; Nesikim (hebr. נזיקים) s Zivil- und Schtrofrächt; Kodaschim (hebr. קודשים) über dr Tämpel und Spiisgsetz; Taharot (hebr. טהרות) schbezielli Gsetz für d Levite.

Dr Teggscht vo dr Mischnah isch fascht gliich in beide Talmud Versione.

D Gemara

Si het as Inhalt Erklärige und Ergänzige zu dr Mischnah, wo verschiide si in Form und Inhalt in de beide Talmudversione: Dr Jerusalemer Talmud isch uf weschtaramäisch verfasst, bringt weniger Aggada, isch chürzer und schdraffer schriibe und im 5. Joorhundert abgschlosse worde.

Die babylonisch Gemara isch im 7. Joorhundert abgschlosse worde. Si isch im enä oschdaramäische Dialäkt verfasst, bringt philosophischi Asichte, beschriibt naturwüsseschftligs Wüsse, verzelt Gschichte und het au Sache, wo z Eretz Israel (im jüdische Heimland) im Midrasch ufgschribbe worde si.

D Underschiid in dr Argumentation und de Folgerige si wichtig in de schböötere Diskussione über Abassige vo dä Gsetz an verändereti Verhältnis.

Dr Talmud und dr Antisemitismus

Meh no as dr Tanach isch dr Talmud de Antisemite ä Dorn im Aug gsi. Die Talmudischdischi Dänkart isch schdräng rational und het brobiert alli möglige Fäll gsetzlig z regle. Das isch vo Judehasser as Schbitzfindigkeit bezeichnet worde.

Quelle

dtv-Lexikon, Band 18, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag 1970, S.111.

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