Utopia

Panel kiri (Firdaus Duniawi – Taman Eden) dari Taman Kesenangan Duniawi karya Hieronymus Bosch.

Utopia merupakan suatu komunitas atau masyarakat khayalan dengan kualitas-kualitas yang sangat didambakan ataupun nyaris sempurna. Cita-cita utopis sering kali memberikan penekanan pada prinsip-prinsip egaliter kesetaraan dalam bidang ekonomi, pemerintahan, dan keadilan—kendati tidak berarti secara eksklusif—dengan metode dan struktur dari usulan implementasi yang bervariasi berdasarkan ideologi. Menurut Lyman Tower Sargent, "ada sosialis, kapitalis, monarkis, demokratis, anarkis, ekologis, feminis, patriarkal, egalitarian, hierarkis, rasis, sayap kiri, sayap kanan, reformis, cinta bebas, keluarga inti, keluarga besar, dan lebih banyak lagi kaum utopia".[1]

Kata ini diciptakan dari bahasa Yunani oleh Sir Thomas More untuk buku Utopia karyanya dalam bahasa Latin yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1516; buku tersebut menggambarkan suatu masyarakat di pulau fiktif di Samudra Atlantik. Istilah ini kemudian digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan baik komunitas intensional yang berupaya untuk menciptakan masyarakat ideal, maupun masyarakat khayalan yang digambarkan dalam karya fiksi. Berbagai pandangan alternatif mengenai atribut-atribut struktural dan kualitatif dari masyarakat telah melahirkan konsep lainnya, yang paling terkemuka yaitu distopia.

Etimologi

Istilah utopia diciptakan dalam bahasa Yunani oleh Sir Thomas More untuk buku Utopia karyanya yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1516, menggambarkan suatu masyarakat di pulau khayalan di Samudra Atlantik.

Kata ini berasal dari kata Yunani οὐ ("tiada") dan τόπος ("tempat") sehingga berarti "tidak ada tempat", serta secara tegas menggambarkan setiap masyarakat yang-tidak-ada 'yang diuraikan dengan sangat rinci'. Namun, dalam penggunaan baku, makna kata ini telah dipersempit dan sekarang umumnya digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan suatu masyarakat yang-tidak-ada yang dimaksudkan untuk dilihat sebagai gambaran yang jauh lebih baik daripada masyarakat kontemporer.[2] Eutopia, berasal dari kata Yunani εὖ ("bagus" atau "baik") dan τόπος ("tempat"), berarti "tempat yang baik", serta sesungguhnya merupakan istilah yang benar untuk mendeskripsikan suatu utopia positif. Dalam bahasa Inggris, eutopia dan utopia adalah homofon, yang mungkin telah menimbulkan perubahan makna.[2][3]

Lihat pula

Catatan

  1. ^ Lyman Tower Sargent (23 September 2010). Utopianism: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford. hlm. 21. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780199573400.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-957340-0. 
  2. ^ a b Lyman Tower, Sargent (2005). Rüsen, Jörn; Fehr, Michael; Reiger, Thomas W., ed. The Necessity of Utopian Thinking: A Cross-National Perspective. Thinking Utopia: Steps Into Other Worlds (Laporan). New York, USA: Berghahn Books. hlm. 11. ISBN 9781571814401. 
  3. ^ Lodder, C.; Kokkori, M; Mileeva, M (2013). Utopian Reality: Reconstructing Culture in Revolutionary Russia and Beyond. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. hlm. 1–9. ISBN 9789004263208. 

Referensi

  • Two Kinds of Utopia, (1912) by Vladimir Lenin. www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1912/oct/00.htm
  • Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science (1870?) by Friedrich Engels.
  • Ideology and Utopia: an Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge (1936), by Karl Mannheim, translated by Louis Wirth and Edward Shils. New York, Harcourt, Brace. See original, Ideologie Und Utopie, Bonn: Cohen.
  • Utopian Thought in the Western World (1979), by Frank Manuel & Fritzie Manuel. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-674-93185-8
  • California's Utopian Colonies (1983), by Robert V. Hine. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04885-7
  • The Principle of Hope (1986), by Ernst Bloch. See original, 1937–41, Das Prinzip Hoffnung
  • Demand the Impossible: Science Fiction and the Utopian Imagination (1986) by Tom Moylan. London: Methuen, 1986.
  • Utopia and Anti-utopia in Modern Times (1987), by Krishnan Kumar. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-16714-5
  • The Concept of Utopia (1990), by Ruth Levitas. London: Allan.
  • Utopianism (1991), by Krishnan Kumar. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-15361-5
  • The Utopia Reader (1999), edited by Gregory Claeys and Lyman Tower Sargent. New York: New York University Press.
  • Spirit of Utopia (2000), by Ernst Bloch. See original, Geist Der Utopie, 1923.
  • El País de Karu o de los tiempos en que todo se reemplazaba por otra cosa (2001), by Daniel Cerqueiro. Buenos Aires: Ed. Peq. Ven. ISBN 987-9239-12-1
  • Archaeologies of the Future: The Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions (2005) by Fredric Jameson. London: Verso.
  • Utopianism: A Very Short Introduction (2010), by Lyman Tower Sargent. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Defined by a Hollow: Essays on Utopia, Science Fiction and Political Epistemology (2010) by Darko Suvin. Frankfurt am Main, Oxford and Bern: Peter Lang.
  • Existential Utopia: New Perspectives on Utopian Thought (2011), edited by Patricia Vieira and Michael Marder. London & New York: Continuum. ISBN 1-4411-6921-0
  • "Galt's Gulch: Ayn Rand's Utopian Delusion" (2012), by Alan Clardy. Utopian Studies 23, 238-262. ISSN 1045-991X
  • Théâtres en utopie (2014), by Yann Rocher. Actes Sud, Paris. (ISBN 978-2-330-03496-2).

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