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Ular di dalam terowongan

Ular di dalam terowongan adalah upaya kerjasama moneter Eropa pertama pada tahun 1970-an yang bertujuan untuk membatasi fluktuasi antar mata uang di Eropa. Upaya ini merupakan upaya pembuatan patok mata uang tunggal pertama untuk Komunitas Ekonomi Eropa.

Pierre Werner menyajikan laporannya mengenai uni ekonomi dan moneter kepada Komunitas Ekonomi Eropa pada 8 Oktober 1970.[1] Salah satu dari tiga laporan tersebut menyarankan koordinasi kebijakan ekonomi dan pengurangan fluktuasi antar mata uang Eropa.[2][3]

Setelah kegagalan sistem Bretton Woods akibat goncangan Nixon pada tahun 1971, persetujuan Smithsonian menetapkan bahwa mata-mata uang dapat berfluktuasi hingga ±2,25% terhadap dolar Amerika Serikat. Ini merupakan "terowongan" bagi pertukaran mata uang Eropa. Namun, ketentuan tersebut menyiratkan batasan yang lebih besar: misalnya bila mata uang A berada di ambang bawah, mata uang tersebut dapat menguat hingga 4,5% terhadap dolar, sementara bila mata uang B berada di ambang atas mata uang tersebut dapat melemah 4,5% terhadap dollar.[4]

Jika kedua hal tersebut berlangsung secara bersamaan, mata uang A akan menguat 9% terhadap mata uang B. Hal ini dianggap berlebihan, dan persetujuan Basel pada tahun 1972[4] antara enam negara anggota Komunitas Ekonomi Eropa dan tiga yang baru akan bergabung menetapkan "ular di dalam terowongan" dengan batas bilateral sebesar 2,25%, sehingga menyiratkan perbedaan maksimal sebesar 4,5%, dan mata-mata uang tersebut cenderung bergerak bersamaan terhadap dollar.[5] Persetujuan ini juga secara resmi mengakhiri Area Sterling.

"Terowongan" dihentikan pada tahun 1973 setelah dollar Amerika mengambang dengan bebas. "Ular" ternyata tidak dapat dipertahankan, sehingga beberapa mata uang menghentikan sistem tersebut. Pada tahun 1977, Eropa telah menjadi zona Mark Jerman, yang diikuti oleh franc Belgia dan Luksemburg, guilder Belanda, dan krone Denmark. Rencana Werner telah ditinggalkan.[3] Sistem Moneter Eropa kemudian menggantikan "ular".

Referensi

  1. ^ Werner report in OJEC
  2. ^ The European Monetary System, accessed on 2010-06-01.
  3. ^ a b European Parliament: The historical development of monetary integration, diakses 2010-06-01.
  4. ^ a b European currency snake a picture available on CVCE website
  5. ^ "The Road to Monetary Union". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-09-23. Diakses tanggal 2014-05-26. 
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