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Turk dalam militer Tang

Sejarah bangsa Turk
Sejarah bangsa Turk
Sejarah bangsa Turk
Sebelum abad ke-14
Kekhaganan Turk 552–744
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Militer dari Dinasti Tang diisi oleh sejumlah besar populasi "tentara Turk", yang disebut sebagai "Tujue" dalam sumber-sumber Tiongkok. Para elite Tang di Tiongkok utara sudah mengenal budaya Turk, sebuah faktor yang mendukung pada penerimaan Tang terhadap perekrutan bangsa Turk. Kaisar Tang Taizong menyandang gelar "Khan Surgawi" dan mempromosikan sebuah kekaisaran kosmopolitan. Taizong secara teratur merekrut dan mempromosikan perwira militer dari keturunan Turk, yang pengalaman stepanya mendukung terhadap ekspansi Kekaisaran Tang di bagian barat dan utara. Jenderal Turk Ashina She'er berpartisipasi dalam penaklukan Tang atas kerajaan-kerajaan Karakhoja, Karasahr, dan Kucha di Xinjiang. Jenderal setengah-Turk An Lushan memulai pemberontakan yang menyebabkan kemunduran Dinasti Tang.

Prasasti Orkhon oleh Göktürk mengecam orang-orang Turk yang telah mengabdi Dinasti Tang, dan mengutuk mereka karena membantu kaisar Tiongkok memperluas kekaisarannya yang sedang berkembang. Para prajurit Turk yang ditempatkan oleh Tiongkok di garnisun Tang di Asia Tengah menetap di wilayah itu, menyebarkan bahasa-bahasa Turk di suatu daerah yang telah didominasi rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa.

Latar belakang

Kekaisaran Dinasti Tang lebih kosmopolitan dan beragam daripada Dinasti Han sebelumnya.[4][5] Para elite Dinasti Tang di Tiongkok utara memiliki minat terhadap budaya Turk dan berbaur dengan orang-orang stepa. Latar dari sebuah puisi Tang menggambarkan sebuah yurt, dan penampilan seorang aktris Turk yang dijamu di istana kaisar. [6] Setelah kekalahan Kekhanan Turk Timur, pemerintah mengizinkan permukiman bangsa Turk di sepanjang perbatasan kekaisaran Tang. Para perwira Turk dari bekas kekhanan direkrut sebagai jenderal dalam militer Tang, dan pengalaman mereka beserta peperangan stepa berkontribusi pada keberhasilan militer Tang saat berekspansi ke arah barat.[7]

Kaisar Taizong dan multikulturalisme

Kaisar Taizong menyandang gelar stepa "Khan Surgawi".

Kaisar Taizong, yang juga dikenal dengan nama pribadinya Li Shimin, akrab dengan budaya suku nomaden stepa dan memanfaatkan strategi militer yang menggunakan taktik stepa seperti seorang pangeran. Taizong adalah seorang penunggang kuda yang terampil, dan selama suatu perayaan kemenangan dan kenaikan takhta, mengorbankan seekor kuda dalam suatu ritual yang berasal dari praktik keagamaan Turk. Dia mampu mengalahkan kavaleri berat Dinasti Sui dengan kavaleri ringannya, ciri khas peperangan stepa. Taizong berbagi hubungan pribadi dengan para sekutu Turk seperti seorang pangeran, diperkukuh melalui sumpah setia sebagai saudara angkat. Keberhasilannya di kemudian hari sebagai seorang kaisar melawan pasukan Asia Tengah melalui diplomasi dan "memecah belah dan menguasai" adalah buah dari pengalaman awalnya dengan budaya Turk.[8]

Kutipan

  1. ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2006). Peoples of Western Asia. hlm. 364. 
  2. ^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. hlm. 280. 
  3. ^ Borrero, Mauricio (2009). Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. hlm. 162. 
  4. ^ Ebrey 2010, hlm. 108.
  5. ^ Lewis 2012, hlm. 147–148.
  6. ^ Findley 2004, hlm. 40.
  7. ^ Twitchett 2000, hlm. 125.
  8. ^ Lewis 2012, hlm. 150.

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