Persamaan Born–Landé

Persamaan Born–Landé adalah cara menghitung energi kisi kristal senyawa ionik. Pada tahun 1918[1] Max Born dan Alfred Landé mengusulkan bahwa energi kisi dapat diturunkan dari potensial elektrostatik dari kisi ionik dan istilah energi potensial repulsif.[2]

dengan:

Derivasi

Kisi ion dimodelkan sebagai rakitan bola elastis keras yang dikompresi bersama-sama oleh saling tarik muatan elektrostatik pada ion. Mereka mencapai jarak kesetimbangan teramati yang terpisah karena penyeimbangan tolakan jarak pendek.

Potensial elektrostatik

Energi potensial elektrostatik, Epasangan, antara pasangan ion yang sama tetapi berlawanan muatan adalah:

dengan

z = besar muatan salah satu ion
e = muatan elementer, 1,6022×10−19 C
ε0 = permitivitas ruang hampa
4πε0 = 1,112×10−10 C2/(J·m)
r = jarak yang memisahkan pusat ion

Untuk kisi sederhana yang terdiri dari ion dengan muatan yang sama tetapi berlawanan dalam rasio 1:1, interaksi antara satu ion dan semua ion kisi lainnya perlu dijumlahkan untuk menghitung EM, kadang-kadang disebut energi Madelung atau energi kisi:

dengan

M = konstanta Madelung, yang berhubungan dengan geometri kristal
r = jarak terdekat antara dua ion dengan muatan berlawanan

Istilah repulsif

Born dan Landé menyarankan bahwa interaksi tolakan antara ion kisi akan berbanding lurus dengan 1rn sehingga istilah energi repulsif, ER, akan dinyatakan:

dengan

B = skala konstan kekuatan interaksi repulsif
r = jarak terdekat antara dua ion dengan muatan berlawanan
n = eksponen Born, angka antara 5 dan 12 yang menyatakan ketajaman halangan repulsif

Energi total

Energi potensial intensif total suatu ion dalam kisi dapat dinyatakan sebagai jumlah dari potensial Madelung dan potensial repulsif:

Meminimalkan energi ini sehubungan dengan r menghasilkan pemisahan kesetimbangan r0 dalam hal konstanta yang tidak diketahui B:

Dengan mengevaluasi energi potensial intensif minimum dan menggantikan ekspresi untuk B dalam hal r0 menghasilkan persamaan Born–Landé:

Energi kisi terhitung

Persamaan Born–Landé menghasilkan ide energi kisi suatu sistem.[2]

Senyawa Terhitung Eksperimen
NaCl −756 kJ/mol −787 kJ/mol
LiF −1007 kJ/mol −1046 kJ/mol
CaCl2 −2170 kJ/mol −2255 kJ/mol

Eksponen Born

Eksponen Born biasanya antara 5 dan 12. Nilai pendekatan eksperimen sebagai berikut:[4]

Konfigurasi ion He Ne Ar, Cu+ Kr, Ag+ Xe, Au+
n 5 7 9 10 12

Lihat juga

Referensi

  1. ^ Brown, I. David (2002). The chemical bond in inorganic chemistry : the bond valence modelPerlu mendaftar (gratis) (edisi ke-Reprint.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850870-0. 
  2. ^ a b Johnson, the Open University ; RSC ; edited by David (2002). Metals and chemical change (edisi ke-1. publ.). Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0-85404-665-8. 
  3. ^ Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey (1980), Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (edisi ke-4th), New York: Wiley, ISBN 0-471-02775-8 
  4. ^ "Lattice Energy" (PDF). 

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