Perjanjian Tiongkok–Portugal di Peking

Perjanjian Tiongkok-Portugal di Peking
Nama panjang:
  • Perjanjian Persahabatan dan Perdagangan antara Portugal dan Tiongkok
Ditandatangani1 Desember 1887
LokasiPeking (Beijing), Tiongkok
Efektif28 April 1888
SyaratPertukaran ratifikasi
Penanda tangan
Pihak
BahasaPortugis dan Tionghoa
Perjanjian Tiongkok–Portugal di Peking
Nama Tionghoa
Hanzi tradisional: 中葡和好通商條約
nama alternatif
Hanzi tradisional: 中葡里斯本草約
Nama Portugis
Portugis: Tratado de Amizade e Comércio Sino-Português

Perjanjian Tiongkok-Portugal di Peking adalah sebuah perjanjian perdagangan antara Kerajaan Portugal dan Dinasti Qing Tiongkok, yang ditandatangani pada 1 Desember 1887. Perjanjian ini dianggap oleh Tiongkok sebagai salah satu di antara perjanjian tidak adil.

Latar belakang

Pada 13 Agustus 1862, Tiongkok dan Portugal menandatangani Perjanjian Persahabatan dan Perdagangan di Tientsin (Tianjin). Perjanjian ini sebagian besar merupakan perjanjian perdagangan tetapi juga mendefinisikan status politik dan yuridis Makau, meskipun tidak menyebutkan masalah kedaulatan Portugal secara langsung.[1] Perjanjian ini berisi dua klausul mengenai status Makau: Pasal II membatalkan perjanjian sebelumnya dan menyebut Makau sebagai "sebelumnya di Provinsi Kanton", sementara Pasal III mengakui status "Gubernur Jenderal Makau". Namun, Tiongkok tidak meratifikasi perjanjian ini dan menjadi batal pada tahun 1864.[2]

Pada Juni 1886, komisi gabungan Tiongkok-Britania Raya menyarankan bahwa tanggung jawab administratif untuk mengendalikan impor opium ke Tiongkok harus dialihkan dari Hoppo di Kanton (Guangzhou) ke Dinas Bea Cukai Maritim Kekaisaran Tiongkok. Meskipun Britania Raya dan Tiongkok setuju dengan ini, tetapi tidak dapat sepenuhnya berhasil tanpa keterlibatan Portugal. Pada tahun 1887, Tiongkok mengirim misi diplomatik ke Lisboa, yang termasuk James Campbell, seorang anggota senior Britania Raya dari dinas tersebut, mewakili inspektur dinas bea cukai Sir Robert Hart. Pada 26 Maret 1887, Campbell dan Menteri Luar Negeri Portugal Henrique de Barros Gomes menandatangani Protokol Lisboa empat poin:[3]

Pasal 1.—Sebuah Perjanjian persahabatan dan perdagangan dengan klausa negara paling disukai akan diputuskan dan ditandatangani di Peking.

Pasal 2.—Tiongkok menegaskan pendudukan permanen dan pemerintah Makau dan depedensinya oleh Portugal, seperti kepemilikan Portugal lainnya.

Pasal 3.—Portugal tidak akan pernah menyerahkan Makau dan dependensinya kepada pihak asing tanpa persetujuan bersama Tiongkok.

Pasal 4.—Portugal bekerja sama dalam pekerjaan pendapatan opium di Makau dengan cara yang sama seperti Britania Raya di Hong Kong.

Ketentuan

Portugal menindaklanjuti perjanjian ini dengan mengirim utusan ke Peking (Beijing), di mana traktat persahabatan dan perdagangan berdasarkan protokol disusun.[2] Pada 1 Desember 1887, Perjanjian Peking ditandatangani oleh perwakilan Tiongkok Pangeran Ch'ing dan Sun Iu-uen, dan Tomas de Sousa Rosa untuk Portugal pada 1 Desember 1887. Perjanjian tersebut berisi 54 pasal dan diratifikasi pada 28 April 1888.[3]

Referensi

  1. ^ Mendes, Carmen Amado (2013). Portugal, China and the Macau Negotiations, 1986-1999. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9789888139002.
  2. ^ a b Ride, Lindsay; Ride, May (1989). The Voices of Macao Stones. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 54–56. ISBN 9622094872.
  3. ^ a b Mayers, William Frederick (1902). Treaties Between the Empire of China and Foreign Powers (4th ed.). Shanghai: North-China Herald. pp. 156–157.

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