Perang Utsmaniyah-Mamluk (1516–1517)

Perang Mamluk-Utsmaniyah
(1516–1517)

Kesultanan Utsmaniyah, Theatro d'el Orbe de la Tierra de Abraham Ortelius, Anvers, 1602.
Tanggal1516-1517
LokasiAnatolia, Suriah, Mesir
Hasil Kemenangan Utsmaniyah, jatuhnya Kesultanan Mamluk
Pihak terlibat
Kesultanan Utsmaniyah Kesultanan Mamluk
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Selim I
Hadım Sinan Pasha
Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri
Tuman Bey II

Perang Utsmaniyah-Mamluk 1516–1517 adalah konflik yang meletus antara Kesultanan Mamluk melawan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah. Akibat perang ini, Kesultanan Mamluk jatuh dan Suriah, Mesir dan Semenanjung Arab menjadi bagian dari Kesultanan Utsmaniyah.[1] Maka, Kesultanan Utsmaniyah berubah dari negara yang berdiri di pinggiran negeri-negeri Islam (di Anatolia dan Balkan) menjadi kesultanan besar yang meliputi seluruh wilayah tradisional Islam, termasuk kota Mekkah, Kairo, Damaskus dan Aleppo. Namun, pusat kekuasaan tetap berada di Konstantinopel.[2]

Latar belakang

Utsmaniyah dan Mamluk sudah lama bersaing memperebutkan perdagangan rempah-rempah dan kota-kota suci Islam.[3] Konflik sebelumnya berakhir dalam kebuntuan (stalemate).

Sultan Utsmaniyah Selim I yang baru saja mengalahkan Persia di Chaldiran pada tahun 1514[2] bersiap untuk menyelesaikan penaklukan Utsmaniyah di Timur Tengah dengan menyerang Mamluk.[2]

Operasi

Kavaleri Mamluk sekitar tahun 1550. Musée de l'Armée.

Perang ini meliputi beberapa pertempuran. Tentara Mamluk lebih tradisional dan terdiri dari kavaleri berpanah, sementara tentara Utsmaniyah, terutama yanisari, cukup modern dan menggunakan arquebus.[4] Tentara Mamluk merasa bangga akan tradisi mereka dan cenderung menolak penggunaan senjata api.[5][6]

Operasi di Levant (1516)

Utsmaniyah pertama-tama merebut kota Diyarbekir di Anatolia tenggara.[2] Selanjutnya, dalam Pertempuran Marj Dabiq (24 Agustus 1516), penguasa Mamluk Kansuh al-Ghuri tewas.[2] Suriah lalu jatuh ke tangan Utsmaniyah.[6]

Pertempuran Yaunis Khan kemudian meletus di dekat Gaza (1516) dan sekali lagi tentara Mamluk berhasil dikalahkan.

Operasi di Mesir (1517)

Setelah kematian Sultan Mamluk, sultan baru Tuman Bay mencoba merekrut pasukan dari berbagai kelas dan menggunakan meriam dan senjata api, namun semuanya baru dilakukan pada menit terakhir dan tidak dalam skala besar.[5][6] Akhirnya, di dekat Kairo, Pertempuran Ridaniya (24 Januari 1517) meletus. Komandan Utsmaniyah Hadım Sinan Pasha tewas dalam pertempuran.[7] Sementara itu, Selim I dan Tuman Bay saling berhadap-hadapan. Senjata api dan senapan yang digunakan Tuman Bay ternyata tidak berguna karena Utsmaniyah melancarkan serangan dari belakang.[6] Tuman Bay akhirnya ditangkap dan digantung di gerbang Kairo.[2]

Beberapa hari kemudian, Kairo berhasil direbut oleh Utsmaniyah.[6] Sharif Mekkah lalu tunduk kepada Utsmaniyah, sehingga kota suci Mekkah dan Medina kini merupakan bagian dari Utsmaniyah.[2]

Dampak

Dalam tingkat regional, budaya Mamluk masih bertahan dan tradisi penyewaan dan pendidikan tentara "budak" Mamluk masih terus berlanjut, namun gubernur Utsmaniyah di Mesir dilindungi oleh milisi Utsmaniyah.[2][8] Jatuhnya Kesultanan Mamluk sendiri membuka pintu untuk menguasai wilayah-wilayah di Afrika, dan pada abad ke-16 kekuasaan Utsmaniyah akan menyebar di sepanjang pantai utara Afrika. Sementara itu, dengan jatuhnya Mamluk, perang laut Portugis-Mamluk secara otomatis berakhir, tetapi Utsmaniyah kemudian melanjutkan upaya membendung kekuasaan Portugis di Samudra Hindia.

Referensi

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