Negara Presidi

Negara Presidi dan Kepangeranan Piombino ditandai dengan warna jingga.

Negara Presidi (bahasa Italia: Stato dei Presidi, yang berarti "negara garnisun-garnisun"[1]) adalah sebuah negara kecil yang pernah berdiri di Italia dari tahun 1557 hingga 1801. Negara seluas 300 km2 ini mencakup lima kota yang terletak di pesisir Toscana, yaitu Porto Ercole, Porto Santo Stefano, Orbetello, Talamone dan Ansedonia, ditambah dengan pulau kecil Giannutri dan benteng Porto Longone di pulau Elba.[2][3] Wilayah ini merupakan entitas yang terpisah dari Kerajaan Napoli dan telah melalui tiga periode sejarah. Dari tahun 1557 hingga 1707, Presidi merupakan wilayah yang dikendalikan oleh Spanyol Habsburg dan diperintah oleh wali raja Habsburg di Napoli. Kemudian, dari tahun 1708 hingga 1733, wilayah ini jatuh ke tangan Wangsa Habsburg Austria dan masih dikendalikan oleh wali raja di Napoli. Pada akhirnya Presidi menjadi wilayah yang bergantung kepada raja-raja Bourbon Spanyol di Napoli dari tahun 1733 hingga 1801. Negara ini dibubarkan setelah disepakatinya Perjanjian Firenze pada tanggal 28 Maret 1801 ketika Raja Napoli menyerahkan negara ini kepada Republik Prancis Pertama. Prancis kemudian memberikan wilayah Presidi kepada Kerajaan Etruria.[2] Setelah jatuhnya Prancis pada tahun 1814, Kongres Wina pada tahun 1815 mengatur bahwa wilayah ini akan menjadi bagian dari Keharyapatihan Toscana.

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ Paoletti 2012, hlm. 69.
  2. ^ a b Menning 1995, hlm. 421–22.
  3. ^ Angiolini 2006, hlm. 171.

Daftar pustaka

  • Abulafia, David (2010). "The Mouse and the Elephant: Relations between the Kings of Naples and the Lordship of Piombino in the Fifteenth Century". Dalam Paton, Bernadette; Law, John Easton. Communes and Despots in Medieval and Renaissance Italy. Ashgate. hlm. 145–60. 
  • Alcalá-Zamora y Queipo de Llano, J. (1976). "Razón de estado y geoestrategia en la política italiana de Carlos II: Florencia y los presidios, 1677–1681". Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia. 173: 297–358. 
  • Angiolini, Franco (2006). "I presidios di Toscana: cadena de oro e llave y freno de Italia". Dalam García Hernán, Enrique; Maffi, Davide. Guerra y sociedad en la monarquía hispánica: política, estrategia y cultura en la Europa moderna (1500–1700). 1. hlm. 171–88. 
  • Armstrong, Edward (1909). "The Bourbon Governments in France and Spain II (1727–46)". Dalam Ward, A. W.; Prothero, G. W.; Leathes, Stanley. The Cambridge Modern History, Volume VI: The Eighteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 145–67. 
  • Berte-Langereau, Jack (1955). "L'Espagne et le royaume d'Etrurie". Hispania. 15 (60): 353–460. 
  • Braudel, Fernand (1995) [1966]. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, Volume 1. University of California Press. 
  • Caciagli, Giuseppe (1992). Lo Stato dei Presidi. Pontedera: Arnera. 
  • Corretti, Alessandro (2012). "Le fortezze d'altura dell'isola d'Elba: lo stato della questione". Aristonothos: Scritti per il Mediterraneo antico. 5: 347–70. 
  • Demaria, Giacinto (1898). "La Guerra di Castro, e la Spedizione de' Presidii (1639–1649)". Miscellanea di Storia Italiana, ser. 3. 4: 191–256. 
  • Dhondt, Frederik (2015). Balance of Power and Norm Hierarchy: Franco-British Diplomacy after the Peace of Utrecht. Leiden: Brill. 
  • Hanlon, Gregory (2002). The Twilight of a Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats and European Conflicts, 1560–1800. Taylor and Francis. 
  • Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2012). The Italian Wars, 1494–1559. Pearson Education. 
  • Martin, Miguel A. (1976). "The Secret Clause: Britain and Spanish Ambitions in Italy 1712–31". European History Quarterly. 6: 407–25. doi:10.1177/026569147600600401. 
  • Maunder, Samuel (1860). Inman, John, ed. The History of the World, Volume II. New York: Henry Bill. 
  • Menning, Ralph (1995). "Stato dei Presidi". Dalam Frey, Linda; Frey, Marsha. The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession: An Historical and Critical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 421–22. ISBN 978-0-313-27884-6. 
  • Paoletti, Ciro (2012). "Italy, Piedmont and French Anti-Habsburg Strategy, 1690–1748". Dalam Schneid, Frederick C. The Projection and Limitations of Imperial Powers, 1618–1850. Leiden: Brill. hlm. 68–82. 
  • Romero García, Eladi (1986). "El señorío de Piombino: Un ejemplo de influencia institucional hispánica en la Italia del siglo XVI". Hispania. 46 (164): 503–18. 

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