Muslihat militer
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Spektrum tipe-tipe muslihat, termasuk: disinformasi , penyembunyian, kamuflase , demonstrasi, dan tipuan.
Muslihat militer adalah upaya unit militer untuk mendapatkan keuntungan selama peperangan dengan menyesatkan pengambil keputusan musuh agar mengambil tindakan atau tidak melakukan tindakan yang menciptakan kondisi menguntungkan bagi kekuatan yang menipu.[ 2] Hal ini biasanya dicapai dengan menciptakan atau memperkuat kekeliruan perang buatan melalui operasi psikologis, peperangan informasi , penipuan visual, atau metode lainnya. Sebagai bentuk disinformasi , hal ini tumpang tindih dengan peperangan psikologis . Muslihat militer juga terkait erat dengan keamanan operasi di mana keamanan operasi bertujuan untuk menyembunyikan informasi penting dari musuh tentang kemampuan, kegiatan, keterbatasan, dan niat organisasi, atau memberikan penjelasan alternatif yang masuk akal mengenai rincian yang dapat diamati oleh musuh, sementara muslihat mengungkapkan informasi palsu dalam upaya menyesatkan musuh.[ 5]
Muslihat dalam peperangan sudah ada sejak awal sejarah.[ 6] Seni Berperang , sebuah risalah militer Tiongkok kuno, menekankan pentingnya muslihat sebagai cara bagi kekuatan yang kalah jumlah untuk mengalahkan musuh yang lebih besar.[ 7] Contoh muslihat dalam peperangan dapat ditemukan di Mesir Kuno ,[ 8] Yunani Kuno ,[ 9] dan Romawi Kuno ,[ 10] Abad Pertengahan ,[ 11] Renaisans ,[ 12] serta Era Kolonial Eropa .[ 13] Muslihat digunakan selama Perang Dunia I dan menjadi lebih menonjol lagi selama Perang Dunia II .[ 14] Di zaman modern, militer beberapa negara telah mengembangkan taktik, teknik, dan prosedur muslihat menjadi doktrin yang lengkap.[ 16] [ 17]
Referensi
^ Friedman, Herb. "Deception and Disinformation" . Psy Warrior.com . Mechanicsburg, PA: Ed Rouse. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2020 .
^ U.S. Army Combined Arms Center (26 February 2019). FM 3–13.4: Army Support to Military Deception (PDF) . Washington, DC: U.S. Army Publishing Directorate. hlm. 2–8. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 10 October 2020. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2020 .
^ Baker, Richard (17 November 2011). "The lost and found art of deception" . Army.mil . Washington, DC.
^ Petraeus, David (26 March 2018). "' The Art of War': As relevant now as when it was written" . The Irish Times . Dublin, Ireland.
^ Malin, Cameron H.; Gudaitis, Terry; Holt, Thomas J.; Kilger, Max (2017). Deception in the Digital Age . San Diego, CA: Academic Press. hlm. xix. ISBN 978-0-1241-1639-9 – via Google Books .
^ Krentz, Peter (2009). Van Wees, Hans, ed. War and Violence in Ancient Greece: Deception in Archaic and Classical Greek Warfare . Swansea, Wales: Classical Press of Wales. hlm. 169. ISBN 978-1-9105-8929-8 – via Google Books .
^ Sheldon, Rose Mary (2005). Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome . New York: Routledge. hlm. 129. ISBN 978-0-2030-0556-9 – via Google Books .
^ Titterton, James William (27 June 2019). Abstract: Trickery and Deception in Medieval Warfare, c. 1000 – c. 1330 (Tesis phd). Leeds, England: University of Leeds. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/24194/ .
^ Greenspan, Stephen (2009). Annals of Gullibility . Westport, CT: Praeger. hlm. 51. ISBN 978-0-313-36216-3 – via Google Books .
^ Macknik, Stephen L.; Martinez-Conde, Susana (1 March 2017). "Deploying Deception on the Battlefield" . Scientific American . London: Springer Nature America, Inc.
^ Ragucci, Jason (30 November 2015). "Good luck, Charlie" . Army.mil . Washington, DC.
^ Director Joint Force Development (26 January 2012). Joint Publication 3–13.4: Military Deception (PDF) . Washington, DC: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. hlm. xiii.
^ Hamilton, David L. (1986). Deception in Soviet military doctrine and operations (PDF) . Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School. hlm. 3.
Bibliografi
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