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Metilendioksimetamfetamina

Metilendioksimetamfetamina
Struktur MDMA
Model bola-dan-pasak dari molekul MDMA
Nama sistematis (IUPAC)
(RS)-1-(1,3-benzodioksol-5-il)-N-metilpropan-2-amina
Data klinis
AHFS/Drugs.com entry
Kat. kehamilan ?
Status hukum Dilarang (S9) (AU) Schedule I (CA) ? (UK) Schedule I (US)
Kemungkinan
ketergantungan
Fisik: tidak khasl[1]
Psikologis: moderate
Rute Umum: melalui mulut[2]
Tidak umum: snorting,[2] inhalasi (penguapan),[2] injeksi,[2][3] rektal
Data farmakokinetik
Metabolisme Hati, CYP450 secara luas terlibat, termasuk CYP2D6
Waktu paruh (R)-MDMA: 5.8 ± 2.2 jam[4]
(S)-MDMA: 3.6 ± 0.9 jam[4]
Ekskresi Ginjal
Pengenal
Nomor CAS 42542-10-9 YaY[TOXNET]
Kode ATC None
PubChem CID 1615
Ligan IUPHAR 4574
DrugBank DB01454
ChemSpider 1556 YaY
UNII KE1SEN21RM YaY
KEGG C07577 YaY
ChEBI CHEBI:1391 YaY
ChEMBL CHEMBL43048 YaY
Sinonim 3,4-MDMA, ekstasi (E, X, XTC), molly, mandy[5][6]
Data kimia
Rumus C11H15NO2 
SMILES eMolecules & PubChem
  • InChI=1S/C11H15NO2/c1-8(12-2)5-9-3-4-10-11(6-9)14-7-13-10/h3-4,6,8,12H,5,7H2,1-2H3 YaY
    Key:SHXWCVYOXRDMCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N YaY

Data fisik
Titik didih 105 °C (221 °F) pada 0.4 mmHg (eksperimental)
Metilendioksimetamfetamin

Metilendioksimetamfetamina (disingkat MDMA) biasanya dikenal dengan nama Ekstasi, E, X, atau XTC[5][6] adalah senyawa kimia yang sering digunakan sebagai obat rekreasi yang membuat penggunanya menjadi sangat aktif.[7][8][9] Ketika dimasukkan lewat mulut, efek obat ini akan kambuh pada 30–45 menit dan berakhir 3–6 jam.[10][11] Obat ini juga terkadang dimasukkan melalui hidung atau diasapkan.[9] Sejak 2017, MDMA tidak menerima penggunaan medis.[2]

Efek dari penggunaan MDMA di antaranya rasa ketagihan, masalah ingatan, paranoia, susah tidur, penggerusan gigi, pandangan buram, berkeringan, dan detak jantung yang cepat. Penggunaan juga dapat menyebabkan depresi dan cepat lelah. Kematian telah dilaporkan karena suhu tubuh meningkat dan dehidrasi.[9] MDMA meningkatkan pelepasan dan menurunkan asupan kembali neurotransmiter serotonin, dopamina, dan norepinefrin dalam bagian otak. Ia memiliki efek stimulan dan psikedelik.[1][12] Peningkatan awal diikuti dengan penurunan jangka pendek dalam neurotransmiter.[9][11]

MDMA pertama kali dibuat tahun 1912.[9] Ia digunakan untuk meningkatkan psikoterapi yang dimulai pada 1970-an dan menjadi populer sebagai obat jalanan pada tahun 1980-an.[9][11][13] MDMA umumnya terkait dengan pesta dansa, dan musik dansa elektronik.[14] Ia sering dijual dicampur dengan zat lain seperti efedrin, amfetamin, dan metamfetamina.[9] Pada tahun 2014, antara 9 dan 29 juta orang antara usia 15 dan 64 tahun, menggunakan ekstasi (0.2% sampai 0.6% dari populasi dunia). Hal tersebut secara luas mirip dengan persentase orang yang menggunakan kokain, amfetamin, dan opioid, tapi lebih sedikit daripada ganja.[15] Di Amerika Serikat, sekitar 0.9 juta orang menggunakan ekstasi pada tahun 2010.[9]

MDMA secara umum legal di sejumlah negara.[9][16] Pengecualian terbatas kadang-kadang dibuat untuk penelitian.[11] Para peneliti sedang menyelidiki apakah beberapa dosis rendah MDMA dapat membantu dalam mengobati, dalam pengobatan anti gangguan stress posttraumatik (PTSD) parah.[17] Pada bulan November 2016, fase 3 percobaan klinis untuk PTSD telah disetujui oleh United States Food and Drug Administration untuk menilai efektivitas dan keamanannya.[18]

Efek

Secara umum, pengguna MDMA mulai melaporkan efek subjektif dalam waktu 30 sampai 60 menit dari konsumsi, mencapai puncak pada sekitar 75 sampai 120 menit yang stabil sekitar 3.5 jam.[19]

Efek psikoaktif jangka pendek yang diinginkan dari MDMA telah dilaporkan meliputi:

  • Euforia – rasa kesejahteraan dan kebahagiaan umum[7][8]
  • Peningkatan kepercayaan diri, sosialisasi dan perasaan komunikasi yang mudah atau sederhana[20][7][8]
  • Efek entaktogenik – peningkatan empati atau perasaan kedekatan dengan orang lain[7][8] dan diri sendiri[20]
  • Relaksasi dan mengurangi kecemasan[20]
  • Peningkatan emosionalitas[20]
  • Rasa kedamaian batin[8]
  • Halusinasi ringan[8]
  • Peningkatan sensasi, persepsi, seksualitas[20][7][8]
  • Gelisah[11]

Galeri

Referensi

  1. ^ a b Palmer, Robert B. (2012). Medical toxicology of drug abuse : synthesized chemicals and psychoactive plants. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. hlm. 139. ISBN 9780471727606. 
  2. ^ a b c d e "Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'Ecstasy')". EMCDDA. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Diakses tanggal 17 October 2014. 
  3. ^ "Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy)". Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-05-31. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-25. 
  4. ^ a b "3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine". Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. 28 August 2008. Diakses tanggal 22 August 2014. 
  5. ^ a b Luciano, Randy L.; Perazella, Mark A. (25 March 2014). "Nephrotoxic effects of designer drugs: synthetic is not better!". Nature Reviews Nephrology. 10 (6): 314–324. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2014.44. Diakses tanggal 2 December 2014. 
  6. ^ a b "DrugFacts: MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)". National Institute on Drug Abuse. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-12-03. Diakses tanggal 2 December 2014. 
  7. ^ a b c d e Meyer JS (2013). "3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives". Subst Abuse Rehabil. 4: 83–99. doi:10.2147/SAR.S37258. PMC 3931692alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 24648791. 
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Greene SL, Kerr F, Braitberg G (October 2008). "Review article: amphetamines and related drugs of abuse". Emerg. Med. Australas. 20 (5): 391–402. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2008.01114.x. PMID 18973636. Clinical manifestation ...
    hypertension, aortic dissection, arrhythmias, vasospasm, acute coronary syndrome, hypotension ... Agitation, paranoia, euphoria, hallucinations, bruxism, hyperreflexia, intracerebral haemorrhage ... pulmonary oedema/[Adult respiratory distress syndrome] ... Hepatitis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, gastrointestinal ischaemia ... Hyponatraemia (dilutional/SIADH), acidosis ... Muscle rigidity, rhabdomyolysis
    Desired effects
    [entactogen] – euphoria, inner peace, social facilitation, 'heightens sexuality and expands consciousness', mild hallucinogenic effects ...
    Clinical associations
    Bruxism, hyperthermia, ataxia, confusion, hyponatraemia ([Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone]), hepatitis, muscular rigidity, rhabdomyolysis, [Disseminated intravascular coagulation], renal failure, hypotension, serotonin syndrome, chronic mood/memory disturbances ... human data have shown that long-term exposure to MDMA is toxic to serotonergic neurones.75,76
     
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Anderson, Leigh, ed. (18 May 2014). "MDMA". Drugs.com. Drugsite Trust. Diakses tanggal 30 March 2016. 
  10. ^ Freye, Enno (28 July 2009). "Pharmacological Effects of MDMA in Man". Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs. Springer Netherlands. hlm. 151–160. ISBN 978-90-481-2448-0. Diakses tanggal 18 June 2015. 
  11. ^ a b c d e "DrugFacts: MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly)". National Institute on Drug Abuse. February 2016. Diakses tanggal 30 March 2016. 
  12. ^ Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-04-03, diakses tanggal 5 April 2016 
  13. ^ Chakraborty, Kaustav; Neogi, Rajarshi; Basu, Debasish (2011). "Club drugs: review of the 'rave' with a note of concern for the Indian scenario". The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 133 (6): 594–604. ISSN 0971-5916. PMC 3135986alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 21727657. 
  14. ^ World Health Organization (2004). Neuroscience of Psychoactive Substance Use and Dependence. World Health Organization. hlm. 97–. ISBN 978-92-4-156235-5. 
  15. ^ "Statistical tables". World Drug Report 2016 (pdf). Vienna, Austria. May 2016. ISBN 978-92-1-057862-2. Diakses tanggal 1 August 2016. 
  16. ^ Patel, Vikram (2010). Mental and neurological public health a global perspective (edisi ke-1st). San Diego, CA: Academic Press/Elsevier. hlm. 57. ISBN 9780123815279. 
  17. ^ Amoroso, Timothy; Workman, Michael (July 2016). "Treating posttraumatic stress disorder with MDMA-assisted psychotherapy: A preliminary meta-analysis and comparison to prolonged exposure therapy". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 30 (7): 595–600. doi:10.1177/0269881116642542. PMID 27118529. 
  18. ^ Philipps, Dave (November 29, 2016). "F.D.A. Agrees to New Trials for Ecstasy as Relief for PTSD Patients". The New York Times Company. The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 1 December 2016. 
  19. ^ Liechti ME, Gamma A, Vollenweider FX (2001). "Gender Differences in the Subjective Effects of MDMA". Psychopharmacology. 154 (2): 161–168. doi:10.1007/s002130000648. PMID 11314678. 
  20. ^ a b c d e Betzler, Felix; Viohl, Leonard; Romanczuk-Seiferth, Nina; Foxe, John (January 2017). "Decision-making in chronic ecstasy users: a systematic review". European Journal of Neuroscience. 45 (1): 34–44. doi:10.1111/ejn.13480. PMID 27859780. ...the addictive potential of MDMA itself is relatively small. 

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