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Goryōkaku

Goryōkaku dilihat dari Menara Goryōkaku.
Peta Goryōkaku dari abad ke-19
Gedung pemerintahan Republik Ezo

Goryōkaku (五稜郭, arti harfiah: Benteng Segi Lima) adalah sisa-sisa benteng bintang di Hakodate, Hokkaido, Jepang.[1] Benteng ini merupakan benteng pertama bergaya Barat yang dibangun Keshogunan Edo dari tahun 1857 hingga 1864. Nama benteng ini berasal dari bentuknya yang mirip bintang bersudut lima (Jepang: goryō, 五稜).

Goryōkaku terkenal sebagai situs Pertempuran Hakodate yang merupakan tahap terakhir Perang Boshin. Takeaki Enomoto bersama pasukan Republik Ezo menjadikan Goryōkaku sebagai benteng melawan pasukan kekaisaran. Pertempuran berlangsung selama seminggu (20 Juni-27 Juni 1869).[2]

Ketika masih dalam pembangunan, benteng ini disebut Kameda Onyakusho Dorui (亀田御役所土塁, Benteng Pemerintahan Kameda), namun setelah selesai disebut Hakodate Onyakusho (箱館御役所, Kantor Pemerintah Hakodate). Keshogunan Tokugawa membangun benteng ini untuk melindungi Selat Tsugaru dari invasi armada Rusia.[1] Di tempat ini dulunya Salix gracilistyla (nama Jepang: nekoyanagi) banyak tumbuh liar sehingga benteng ini juga disebut Kastil Yanagino (柳野城, Yanaginojō).

Sejarah

Setelah dibukanya Pelabuhan Hakodate untuk kapal asing pada tahun 1869 berdasarkan Persetujuan Kanagawa, Tokugawa Iesada memerintahkan pembangunan kastil di Hakodate untuk memperkuat pertahanan sekaligus berfungsi sebagai balai kota. Penanggung jawab pembangunan adalah ahli strategi militer Barat bernama Takeda Ayasaburō. Desain yang dibuatnya didasarkan pada karya arsitek Prancis Vauban.[1] Benteng ini dirancang untuk pertempuran dengan meriam, dibangun dengan dinding berbentuk bintang bersudut lima sehingga memungkinkan dipasangnya lebih banyak meriam di dinding benteng dibandingkan kastil tradisional Jepang. Desain bintang bersudut lima juga sekaligus mengurangi jumlah bintik buta yang tidak dapat ditembak oleh meriam.

Benteng ini luasnya kira-kira 251.400 m² (25 hektare). Goryokaku adalah benteng model Barat pertama sekaligus terbesar di Jepang.[3] Benteng ini berada di atas lahan berbentuk segi lima yang dikeliling parit berisi air. Di kelima sudut dibangun kubu (benteng) dari tanah yang dikeraskan. Antara satu kubu ke kubu lainnya dihubungkan dengan dinding batu. Pada sisi barat daya terdapat benteng kecil berbentuk belah ketupat yang diberi nama Hangetsuho (半月堡).[4]

Taman

Pada tahun 1913, situs Goryōkaku dibuka sebagai Taman Goryokaku.[3] Situs ini telah ditetapkan sebagai Situs Bersejarah Istimewa. Pada musim semi, Taman Goryōkaku terkenal sebagai tempat melihat bunga sakura (hanami). Di taman ini juga terdapat Menara Goryōkaku yang berfungsi sebagai menara observasi.

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ a b c Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Goryōkaku" Diarsipkan 2023-08-07 di Wayback Machine. in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 259.
  2. ^ Nussbaum, "Goryōkaku no Tatakai" Diarsipkan 2023-08-07 di Wayback Machine. at p. 259.
  3. ^ a b "Goryokaku Fort: A Star-Shaped Fort". Web Japan. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-06-16. Diakses tanggal 2013-01-21. 
  4. ^ "五稜郭の概要". 特別史跡 五稜郭跡. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-03-29. Diakses tanggal 2013-01-21. 

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41°47′49″N 140°45′25″E / 41.79694°N 140.75694°E / 41.79694; 140.75694


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