Demam

Demam
Termometer kedokteran analog yang menunjukan suhu 38,7 °C atau 101,7 °F
ICD-10ICD10 R 50 r 50
ICD-9ICD9 780.6
DiseasesDB18924
MedlinePlus003090
eMedicinemed/785
MeSHD005334

Demam adalah suatu keadaan saat suhu badan melebihi 37,5 °C yang disebabkan oleh penyakit atau peradangan. Demam juga merupakan pertanda bahwa sel darah putih sedang melawan suatu virus atau bakteri. Anak yang memiliki suhu tinggi berkepanjangan dapat menyebabkan kejang demam. Demam yang melebihi tiga hari mungkin merupakan malaria atau penyakit yang disebabkan oleh nyamuk lainnya. Penanganan demam biasanya dengan diberikan obat antipiretik seperti parasetamol atau ibuprofen.

Demam memang menjadi sebuah masalah yang hampir semua orang pasti mengalaminya, bahkan gejala demam ini telah memakan banyak korban jika tidak ditangani dengan baik. Terdapat banyak cara yang dapat digunakan untuk menurunkan suhu tubuh saat demam. Salah satunya adalah minum air hangat, tempelkan handuk basah di bagian kepala atau dahi sebagai kompres, mandi air hangat serta beristirahat total ataupun mengonsumsi makanan bergizi.

Gejala

Seseorang mengalami demam ketika suhu tubuh naik di atas kisaran normal. Selain kenaikan suhu, beberapa gejala dan tanda di bawah ini dapat menjadi gejala tambahan, antara lain: berkeringat, kedinginan dan/atau menggigil, sakit kepala, nyeri otot, kehilangan selera makan, sifat mudah marah, dehidrasi, dan kelemahan umum.

Anak-anak antara usia 6 bulan hingga 5 tahun berkemungkinan mengalami kejang demam. Kira-kira sepertiga dari anak-anak yang mengalami kejang demam akan mengalami kejang lainnya, paling umum dalam 12 bulan kemudian.

Diagnosis banding

Demam merupakan gejala umum dari banyak kondisi medis:

Demam dapat terjadi karena reaksi terhadap produk darah yang tidak cocok saat transfusi darah.[15]

Tumbuh gigi pada bayi tidak menyebabkan terjadinya demam.[16]

Fungsi demam

Fungsi terkait sistem imun

Demam membantu kerja sistem kekebalan tubuh manusia.[17] Patogen yang membutuhkan rentang suhu yang sempit untuk bereproduksi akan terhambat proses reproduksinya. Selain itu, bertambahnya suhu tubuh saat demam akan meningkatkan laju reaksi-reaksi imunologis yang penting.[18] Demam membantu proses penyembuhan dengan beberapa mekanisme.

Manfaat dan kerugian demam

Respon demam terhadap penyakit infeksi dianggap memiliki sifat protektif, sedangkan demam pada kasus noninfektif dapat bersifat maladaptif.[21][22] Berbagai studi masih belum konsisten mengenai apakah pengobatan untuk mengontrol suhu tubuh saat demam akan menambah atau mengurangi risiko kematian.[23] Sebuah studi yang menggunakan subjek berupa vertebrata berdarah panas menunjukkan bahwa demam membuat hewan-hewan tersebut pulih dari infeksi atau penyakit kritis dengan lebih cepat. [24] Pada sepsis, pasien dengan demam memiliki tingkat kematian yang lebih rendah daripada pasien dengan suhu tubuh normal.[25]

Referensi

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  2. ^ Raoult, Didier; Levy, Pierre-Yves; Dupont, Hervé Tissot; Chicheportiche, Colette; Tamalet, Catherine; Gastaut, Jean-Albert; Salducci, Jacques (January 1993). "Q fever and HIV infection". AIDS (dalam bahasa Inggris). 7 (1): 81–86. doi:10.1097/00002030-199301000-00012. ISSN 0269-9370. PMID 8442921. 
  3. ^ French, Neil; Nakiyingi, Jessica; Lugada, Eric; Watera, Christine; Whitworth, James A. G.; Gilks, Charles F. (May 2001). "Increasing rates of malarial fever with deteriorating immune status in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults". AIDS. 15 (7): 899–906. doi:10.1097/00002030-200105040-00010. ISSN 0269-9370. PMID 11399962. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2022-02-22. 
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  9. ^ Arnhold, Jürgen (2020), "Cell and Tissue Destruction in Selected Disorders", Cell and Tissue Destruction, Elsevier, hlm. 249–287, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816388-7.00009-7, ISBN 9780128163887, diakses tanggal 2022-04-22 
  10. ^ Arnhold, Jürgen (28 August 2019). Cell and tissue destruction: mechanisms, protection, disorders. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-12-816388-7. OCLC 1120070914. 
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  13. ^ "Metabolic Disorder", Definitions, Qeios, 2020-02-07, doi:10.32388/7344b1, diakses tanggal 2022-04-22 
  14. ^ Dinarello CA, Porat R (2018). "Chapter 15: Fever". Dalam Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo, J. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 1–2 (edisi ke-20th). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9781259644030. Diakses tanggal 31 March 2020. 
  15. ^ Dean, Laura (2005). Blood transfusions and the immune system (dalam bahasa Inggris). National Center for Biotechnology Information (US). 
  16. ^ Massignan C, Cardoso M, Porporatti AL, Aydinoz S, Canto G, Mezzomo LA, Bolan M (March 2016). "Signs and Symptoms of Primary Tooth Eruption: A Meta-analysis". Pediatrics. 137 (3): e20153501. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3501alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 26908659. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 February 2016. 
  17. ^ Schaffner A (March 2006). "Fieber – nützliches oder schädliches, zu behandelndes Symptom?" [Fever–useful or noxious symptom that should be treated?]. Therapeutische Umschau (dalam bahasa Jerman). 63 (3): 185–88. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.63.3.185. PMID 16613288. 
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